Grand Strategy - 3490 Words

Gaurav kumar (SEC. A) Grand Strategies Strategy Formulation is a strategic planning or long range-planning. This process is primarily analytical, not action oriented. This process involves scanning external and internal environmental factors, analysis of the strategic factors and generation, evaluation and selection of the best alternative strategy appropriate to the analysis. Identification of various alternative strategies is an important aspect of strategic management as it provides the alternatives which can be considered and selected for implementation in order to arrive at certain result. At this stage, the managers are able to complete their environmental analysis and appraisal of their strengths and they are in a position to†¦show more content†¦They also pursue growth strategy to reduce cost of production per unit. Growth Strategies involve a significant increase in performance objectives. These strategies are adopted when firms remarkably broadens the scope of thei r customer groups, customer functions and alternative technologies either singly or in combination with each other. Reasons for adopting Growth Strategies: In the long run, growth is necessary for the very survival of the organizations themselves, particularly when the environment is quite volatile. Growth offers many economies because of large scale operations. Growth Strategy is taken up because of managerial motivation to do so. Managers with high degree of achievement and recognition always prefer to grow. There are certain intangible advantages of growth. These may be in the form of increased prestige of the organization, satisfaction to employees and social benefits. Example: Growing companies have high level of prestige in the corporate world, e.g., Reliance, Infosys, Hindustan Unilever, etc. Types of Growth / Expansion Strategies: (i)Concentric Expansion Strategy: The first route of growth is to expand the present line of business. It can be aimed at market penetration, mark et development and / or product development. Market Penetration: The organization tries to capture market share in the existing product and aims at expanding its business at a rate higher than the industryShow MoreRelatedClassification Of Strategies Into Grand Strategies Essay906 Words   |  4 PagesSome of the strategies, formulated (recommended) in the previous tool (tool 14), were formed by combining two or more similar strategies (they required similar process/actions or they had similar or complementary outcomes). These strategies will have multiple, complex, and a different degree of impacts on product, market, and organization. Hence, in some cases, the same strategy may fall under two or more grand strategies. This is natural and a sign of a good strategy in a sense that a defensiveRead MoreGrand Strategy890 Words   |  4 PagesAvon Products, Inc. This paper aims to present the two sides of the grand strategy by Avon in increasing its sales through the expansion of its distribution and capturing a large market in the industry. Avon Products, Inc. is a manufacturer and marketer of personal care products, including skin-care, hair care, color cosmetics, fragrances, personal hygiene, and a limited line of non-personal care products such as jewelry, apparel, decorative and home entertainment products and a provider of spaRead MoreGrand Strategies6960 Words   |  28 PagesGrand Strategies ï  ® Grand strategies are also called strategic thrusts. They provide basic direction for specific strategic actions and functional tactics. Some grand strategies are used together and reinforce each other and some are usually employed singly. Grand Strategy ï  ® ï  ® General plan of major action to achieve longterm goals Falls into three general categories 1. Growth 2. Stability A separate grand strategy can be 3. Retrenchment defined for global operations Grand Strategy:Read MoreAnalysis Of Grand Strategy Matrix. The Grand Strategy Matrix1443 Words   |  6 Pages Analysis of Grand Strategy Matrix The Grand Strategy Matrix is a newer tool used for formulating alternative strategies (David David, 2017). Similar to the BCG matrix, the Grand Strategy Matrix is places the business or the business divisions into one of four quadrants based on two evaluation dimension 1) competitive position on the x-axis and 2) market growth on the y-axis (David David, 2017). The franchise segment would be located in Quadrant II, which would indicate this segment shouldRead MoreThe Initiation Of A Grand Strategy3182 Words   |  13 Pages The Initiation of a Grand Strategy: A Comparative Analysis of the Carter, Bush, and Obama Presidencies Introduction The President of the United States sits at the epicenter of the U.S. Foreign policy establishment. Seen as the most power person in the world, the judgment of the president on foreign affairs is often regarded as unquestionable.1 For the president, policy-making power comes from Article II of the Constitution. This article outlines executive powers and the roles of the commander-in-chiefRead MoreGrand Strategic Alternatives : Meaning Of Grand Strategies Essay3681 Words   |  15 PagesGrand Strategic Alternatives - Meaning of Grand Strategies The word strategy was common in times of military combat and war. This was before the 1950’s when strategy was studied outside the realms of war and as a discipline. For companies and businesses strategy has become an important factor to be considered in the ever changing environment. Grand strategies are seen as a basis for coordinated and sustained effort directed to the achievement of business long term goals.(II, 1982). Grand strategyRead MoreThe National Grand Strategy Of A State2395 Words   |  10 PagesThe national grand strategy of a state indicates what is most important to the state’s interests and the means with which they plan to successfully achieve these goals factoring in the resources available to them, threats to their interests and all dimensions of strategy. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia was left to face the international system in a newly independent form and henceforth it’s grand strategy had to be altered to suit new circumstances. In his foreign and defenceRead MoreGrand Strategies For Coca Cola Company1409 Words   |  6 PagesGrand strategies are very important to any company rather big or small. Without a grand strategy, a company is at risk of working without a plan, goals, or direction. Grand strategies help companies shape the course of their business and are focused on long-term goals. In this assignment, I will be discussing the grand strategies of the Coca-Cola Company. I will be discussing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of the Coca-Cola Company, the grand strategy selection matrixRead MoreThe Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire Essay1396 Words   |  6 PagesA Review of Edward N. Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire from the First Century A.D. to the Third. Edward Luttwak’s The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire from the First Century A.D. to the Third gives a militaristic analysis of the tactics used by the Roman Empire while also highlighting parallels between Rome and contemporary U.S. military policy. Luttwak divides his book into three chapters, a chapter for each of the 3 identified systems; the first chapter discusses Rome’s useRead MoreSouthwest Airlines’ Grand Strategies Recommendations 545 Words   |  2 PagesGrand strategies, often called master or business strategies, provided basic direction for strategic actions. There are many grand strategies that Southwest Airline can chose from when considering which strategies match with their company’s strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Southwest Airlines is excellent in planning out their long-term goals. The above SWOT analysis proved that the company is successfully carrying out the cost leadership strategy to manipulate their competitors

Cultural Relativism, By Lila Abu Lughod - 1359 Words

Cultural relativism is the view that we should seek to understand other cultures within their own context, rather than through the biased understanding of our own cultural beliefs. When Americans see Bedouin women wearing veils, they are likely to view this practice in the context of their own culture and see it purely as an act of male oppression—an idea that would be very confounding and offensive to Bedouin women themselves. To say that, in the future, Bedouin women might â€Å"be free to not be veiled† undermines Bedouin culture because it fundamentally misunderstands the practice of veiling, speaking about it in an American context rather than a Bedouin context. So in order to understand the practice of veiling, we must think in terms of†¦show more content†¦The Bedouin believe that showing these things to others is a form of exposure. For this reason, they value extreme modesty, and find sexuality to be very shameful. Because they can bear children, women are directly tied to ideas of fertility, which is both valued and looked down upon in Bedouin life. Because of menstruation, which cannot be controlled, a woman cannot ever fully have ‘agl. This is one part of why women in Bedouin culture are considered inferior to men. Another concept at the core of Bedouin ethics, which is linked to aá ¹ £l in some ways, is kinship. Bedouin people have an ideology of very strong, natural, unbreakable bonds of blood, especially through agnates (those in the same male bloodline). The concept of kinship is not restricted to blood, but also extends to those who live together, sharing a type of temporary bond. Loyalty to friends and family is very important to the Bedouin, and so the concept of kinship ties directly back into their sense of honor. Within Bedouin culture, directly connected to the concept of kin, is a complex hierarchical social structure of superiors and dependents. It is true that Bedouin men are generally dominant over Bedouin women, but for the Bedouin the concept of authority is derived from moral worthiness. If someone is deserving of authority, they are also considered honorable (which is not to say that this is always theShow MoreRelatedUnder the Desguise of a Passageway to Happiness: Assimiliation779 Words   |  3 Pagescrucial for all people. Ahmed’s article can also be related to Lila Abu Lughod’s article about â€Å"Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and Its Others.† In Abu Lughod’s article, Westerners use the excuse of liberating Muslim women from terrorists, to assimilate them into the Western culture (786). While Ahmed challenges the British’s arrogant need to assimilate Indians into their culture, Abu Lughod does the same in her article by exposing that Muslim womenRead MoreThe Brown Eyed / Blue Eyed Experiment980 Words   |  4 Pagesthemselves further susceptible to being repressed and mistreated. 3. Cultural relativism occurs when an individual believes that his or hers beliefs and traditions should be understood by other persons or cultures based on that individual s values and perceptions. In Abu-Lughod s essay, the author investigates whether the American intervention in Afghanistan is a proper way to liberate and free Afghan women from being oppressed. Abu-Lughod compares some of the aspects of the mission in Afghanistan toRead More`` It s All On The Family : Intersections Of Gender, Race, And Nation1185 Words   |  5 PagesI’m left to wonder if we’ve taken the same approach in regards to feminist ideals. It seems today, feminism’s mantra is that all women are equal, but Western women are still somehow superior. Lila Abu- Lughod’s piece titled â€Å"Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and Its Others† intrigued me due to its title asking a question which at one point (at least for me) had an obvious response. To see if the answer to this was truly palpable, I decided to askRead MorePersepolis : The Story Of A Childhood1654 Words   |  7 PagesThanks to her slightly alternative lifestyle, she is able to reconstruct gender norms that society has set by depicting the different ways women resist them. â€Å"Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and Its Others† by Lila Abu-Lughod is an essay detailing the misconceptions surrounding the veil. Through this essay we can see how colonial feminism, the form of feminism in which western women push for a western way of living on their third world counterpartsRead MoreDo Muslim Women Really Need Saving?7400 Words   |  30 PagesDo M uslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and Its Others Author(s): Lila Abu-Lughod Reviewed work(s): Source: American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 104, No. 3 (Sep., 2002), pp. 783-790 Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the American Anthropological Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3567256 . Accessed: 18/01/2012 15:55 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms Conditions of Use, available atRead MoreAnthà ­a Muà ±oz April 23, 2014 WMST 3100-001 Final Exam IV: Feminist scholarship extensively2200 Words   |  9 Pagesnot be limited to western ideals of liberation. Discourse, Power and Resistance Embedded in intricate systems of privilege and oppression, we are both subjects and agents of social control. As institutional forces construct and maintain social-cultural hierarchies in which power relations inevitably structure an individuals interpretation of not only their environment but also their self-identity. These power relations exercised through discourse, enacted through social institutions (i.e., education

Which Who Region Includes Your Country - 1234 Words

. Which WHO region includes your country? Chad is in the WHO region of Sub Saharan Africa. 3. Provide a quick snapshot of your less developed country. Population, history, cause of its poverty, environmental or political factors influencing the country’s health status. The population of Chad is 11,412,107 people. Chad has been inhabited for thousands of years. In the 8th century the development of agriculture meant that there were settled communities. However, in the north and east people often moved around across various areas of land to graze their livestock. The people in the north became known as the Berbers. Whereas, Southern Chad had several ethnic groups. The largest group in this region was the Sara (Our Africa, 2015). The people†¦show more content†¦Independence was granted in 1960. In the first decade after independence northerners were often excluded from national politics (Our Africa, 2015). Rebellion movements formed in the north, in particular the National Liberation Front (FROLINAT) (Our Africa, 2015). Civil wars were also a part of the history of Chad. Civil wars occurred in the 1970s and 1980s. Between 1982 and 1990, a northern dominated government created a terror in the south. The leader at the time was Hissen Habre. He was overthrown in 1990 by Idriss Deby, whose party won parliamentary elections in the following year (Our Africa, 2015). There were also neighbour disputes referring to the Gaddafi era where Libya took a large interest in Chad. At one point, Libya annexed a strip in northern Chad. To force Libya out of the country it took a unified Chadian offensive in 1987 with French and US assistance (Our Africa, 2015). Chad has also had a long running dispute with Sudan. There have been thousands of Sudanese who have fled to Chad. This has occurred because they have escaped the fighting in the Darfur region of western Sudan. Chad suffers from the overall widespread poverty. It is evident that nearly two-thirds of people in Chad live below the poverty line and the population remains among the world’s poorest (Our Africa, 2015). The United Nations Human Development Index in 2010 shows that Chad was ranked near the bottom at 163 out of

Organizational Behavior Dynamics

Question: Describe about the Organizational Behavior Dynamics? Answer: Introduction Citizenship conduct is most obliged and all the more separating in the retouching concentrate in light of the way that patients need uncommon thought and helpful practices of supportive work power (powers, therapeutic experts, medication aces, and so forth) in managing their cases. OCB has a critical part in fortifying aim and progress of patients. A scope of level citizenship practices arrive in a mixture of structures, for occasion, dependability, helping different people, and dependable loveliness and alliance's inclination authorities why ought to masterminded contribute their deeds and capacities to the family despite the way that that is not formally needed of them. This devotion of complete citizenship conduct to affiliations has gotten much appearance in the business locale. The considered dynamic citizenship conduct showed up more than two decades prior in the field of respected way. Beginning now and into the not so distant, there has been stunning examination, essentially in the US, drawing in masterminded recognition and translations of this idea. Beginning late, there has pretty much just like a making fervor for OCB in the fields of progressing and framework. On the other hand, to the best of the analysts' information, most studies on OCB have settled on discovering parts which affect OCB, by and large real esteem and qualities of pioneers. Slighting the way that attributes of lawful structure can affect individuals' way and practices; little research has concentrated on the relationship between the portions of dynamic level and OCB. Specifically, studies utilizing a complete way to deal with dissect OCB, including the impact of different leveled functional highlights, conclusive helper highlights, and force are bizarre. To beat the restrictions of past studies and to enhance the estimation of suitable research on OCB, this study proposed to dismantle and re view OCB and its result utilizing an exhaustive strategy. The key reason behind the study was to examine delegates' illumination on conclusive worth (procedural quality), pioneers' practices (transformational force), and dynamic structure and its consequences for OCB. Without a doubt, this study investigates the impacts of OCB on delegates' work fulfillment. These days, social assurance affiliations face comparable dispute inconveniences like other association composed establishments like banks, telecom, planning, security, and so on. In regions of client requesting top notch associations at focused costs and went on with receptiveness and questions. Wellbeing care is right away patient-focused, where highlights are on client orchestrated showcasing. In this manner, the idea association business division supports the purchaser, as opposed to the dealer. With the making rivalry and relentlessly complex business environment there is diminishing in the capacity to comprehend and envision the consistent necessities of affiliations and therefore, affiliations can't forcefully portray their staff yearnings to work, in light of the way that the striking execution is not because of the normal tries of the staff, thusly, affiliations need specialists with a longing to move past formal job wishes. This idea has not discovered legal place in helpful focuses regardless of the beneficial outcome on master's office picture. The trademark and affectability of the social security development has amplified the necessities of OCB. Offices need to arrange and craving their specialists to release their responsibilities and resourcefully put additional endeavors (OCB) where needed. Also, powers fight that citizenship practices urge access to office objectives, and update its execution. In this way OCB will amass association sufficiency, tolerant fulfillment and support, upgrading authority's office corporate picture furthermore result to accomplishment of different leveled effecting. Interrelationships And Research Hypotheses Development (Obc, Hcl And Performance) Through the examination of the CBO related issues in particular affiliations and consolidate that the delegates extra attempts in performing their commitments inside and out improves affiliation execution in a couple of ways: to enhance the capability of partners and boss; release resources for more productive activities; diminish the uncommon resources needed for the backing of the normal operation of the affiliation; backing in the coordination between work social events and get-togethers inside sustain the limit for the relationship to attract and hold skilled delegates; Redesign the quality of the affiliation; g. takes off affiliations more responsive to change in nature. Along these lines, OCB estimations were considered as discriminating benefactors to definitive execution. In mending office environment in this way, it is likely that a tolerably tweaked OCB will advantage both partners (helping one another) and direct influence facility execution. Subsequently, the first hypothesis is arranged as take after H1: OCB is totally related to center's execution. Corporate correspondence in this study can be depicted as the photos a recuperating focus endeavors to its accomplices especially its patients and agents about its organizations. Size of the recuperating office, openness of front line equipment, volume of bolster) and subjective (i.e. nature of organization, reputation and photo of the mending focus) terms that perceive one center from another and attract and hold patients. This study will try to rehash the relationship amidst HCI and progressive execution with focus on specialist's office. Therefore, a solid and positive corporate picture will tend to add to mending focus ampleness and adequacy. Appropriately, we propose: H2: HCI is strongly related to execution. Composing expressed that both CB and CI contribute fundamentally to recuperating office execution. As being what is indicated, it is clear from the past analyzes that agents' extra tries in performing their commitments past what are formally required of them will enhance th e photo of the specialist's office quite. Thusly, Hospital citizenship behavior appears to progress corporate picture. Thusly, the third hypothesis is proposed as: H3: Citizenship Behavior attempts have useful results on center corporate picture Furthermore, "does the presentation of recuperating office corporate picture give a better illumination than the effect of OCB on execution?" Hence, the fourth theory is depicted as take after H4: Hospital corporate picture affirms the relationship between citizenship behavior and execution. Benefits OF OCB OCB has been demonstrated to have a beneficial outcome on illustrative execution and wellbeing, and this hence has perceptible stream on effects on the affiliation. There is test verification for the by and large held affirmation that satisfied workers perform better, yet this is association, not causal. Of course, certain sorts of execution fundamentally those related to citizenship conduct will be unreasonable by occupation satisfaction. Consider workers who are useful with their managers and partners, willing to make deals and surrender and are 'less requesting to work with', pros who 'aid with the extra remotely unimportant subtle elements' without grumbling (or really offering to do thusly without being asked) these practices are all included inside OCB. This could be by virtue of specialists who take part in OCB are basically appreciated more and saw more absolutely (this has wound up known as the 'brilliance effect'), or it may be a result of more work-related reasons, for i nstance, the manager's conviction that OCB accept a basic part in the affiliation's general accomplishment, or perspective of OCB as an articulation of delegate obligation due to its resolute nature (Organ et al., 2006). Regardless of the reason, the second effect is that a better execution rating is associated than getting prizes, for instance, boosts in salary, remunerates, progressions or work-related benefits. Thirdly, because these specialists have better execution assessments and get more imperative prizes, when the association is curtailing e.g. in the midst of a monetary retreat, these specialists will have a lower plausibility of being made overabundance. The extent that the effect that various leveled citizenship behavior has on legitimate sufficiency inspected the differing instruments through which an individual OCBà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s are acknowledged to impact definitive accomplish. These instruments are: Enhancing the profit of associates, by for instance helping they learn new abilities and best-hone. Enhancing the profit of higher administrative staff, by for instance giving them helpful input around a particular work assignment. Freeing up assets that can be utilized for more profitable capacities, by for instance being scrupulous and showing that time intensive supervision is not needed. Reducing the need to dedicate rare assets for simply upkeep capacities, by for instance decreasing gathering clash by gathering helping practices and less exertion is required for clash intercession. Describe how the program encouraged organisational citizenship behaviour in Mater employees? Representatives with larger amounts of occupation fulfillment show authoritative citizenship practices (OCB) with more prominent return. OCB is portrayed as the optional exertion of workers past the necessities of their set of expectations. Associations advantage from the expanded benefit workers showing OCB make. The Mater Credo gives an establishment to representatives to show the 'great citizenship' characteristics of OCB. In offering preparing and improvement, a device generally perceived to make enhanced employment fulfillment, another stage to further create construct OCB was actuated. The courses furnished workers with the aptitudes, information and in particular the certainty to show a scope of practices not a piece of their standard occupation necessities. The principal step was permitting the staff to launch the enrolment process. This showed Mater esteemed and trusted people to control their preparation and improvement. The responsibility for procedure guaranteed members h ad a more noteworthy personal stake in their effective fruition. Members of the system finished work related task in their own particular time, and effectively occupied with ventures outside their typical. Besides, in picking up a more noteworthy comprehension of the association they worked for members were further adjusted to the way of life and estimations of Mater, consequently expanding employment fulfillment and OCB. Organisational culture has been linked to performance. Detail the benefits the MHS culture provides to support increased organisational performance. The qualities and convictions of the Mater Credo support the hierarchical systems and destinations. MHS official and administration activities show a promise to 'Living the Values', for case the formation of the preparation program and insurance of professional stability with the Children's doctor's facility merger. These activities have made an atmosphere of trust amongst the representatives. Moreover, the Mater society is a key supporter to above normal worker meeting study results. Connected with staff report more elevated amounts of occupation fulfillment, expanded arrangement of qualities and a viewpoint of staying long haul with the association. The Mater Credo of; Mercy, Dignity, Care, Commitment and Quality structures the premise of its all encompassing consideration approach. The Credo guides representatives in their every day associations with patients, their families, suppliers, the group and other staff. An attention is set on the nature of and duty to employment errands whilst recognizing the noteworthiness of the interpersonal ascribes in building connections to attain to these assignments. This methodology connected to its history and floated by solid representative relationship to the Mater qualities and convictions makes an upper hand open and private human services suppliers are not able to reproduce. References Ashkanasy, Neal M, W. J Zerbe, and Charmine E. J Hartel. The Effect Of Affect In Organizational Settings. Amsterdam: Elsevier JAI, 2005. Print. Barker, Richard A. On Organizational Citizenship. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 2006. Print. Chen, Oliver T. Organizational Behavior Dynamics. New York: Nova Science Publishers Inc., 2009. Print. Duyer, Ibrahim, and Anthony H Normore. Discretionary Behavior And Performance In Educational Organizations. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald, 2012. Print. Jex, Steve M. Organizational Psychology. New York: Wiley, 2002. Print. McShane, Steven Lattimore, and Mary Ann Young Von Glinow. Organizational Behavior. New York: Mcgraw-Hill/Irwin, 2014. Print. Organ, Dennis W, Philip M Podsakoff, and Scott Bradley MacKenzie. Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, 2006. Print. Organ, Dennis W. Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1988. Print. Somech, Anit, and Izhar Oplatka. Organizational Citizenship Behavior In Schools. Print. Turnipseed, David L. Handbook Of Organizational Citizenship Behavior. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2005. Print.

Y2k (3187 words) Essay Example For Students

Y2k (3187 words) Essay Y2kThis year, most of the world is preparing to celebrate the year 2000 and the coming of anew millennium. However, many businesses, manufacturers, banks and hospitals arequietly hoping for an uneventful new years transition. At midnight on December 31,many businesses will be anticipating what effects the millennium rollover will have oncomputer software and other equipment that contain a time sensitive chip called anembedded chip. Early computer programmers, in an effort to conserve limited memoryspace, programmed computers to read the year in only two digits. So computers read 15as 1915, and 02 as 1902, and so on. Thus, when the year 2000 arrives, many computerprograms might go from December 31, 1999 to January 1, 1900. Some computers willcease to function, or ?crash?. Needless to say, if these programs control functions such aselectricity, airline travel, or communications, the results could be disastrous. Manycompanies and governments have spent countless hours and untold dollars makingsoftware Y2K (year 2 thousand) compatible. We will write a custom essay on Y2k (3187 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The consequences of not preparing for the Y2K problem could spell disaster forthe company involved. For example, a small Midwestern manufacturer encountered asimilar date-related problem in 1996 (a leap year) when the company did not realize thattheir entire computer network would be affected by the extra day in the year. When theyear 1997 turned over, all systems shut down. This malfunction caused the liquidsolutions being produced to freeze, causing them to destroy the pipelines they ran through. This disaster cost the company over $1 million in new equipment. The catastrophe causedmassive delivery delays to their customers, and the company believes numerous customeraccounts were lost as a result. This is just a small example of what could happen whencomputer software and related equipment is not tested for Y2K compatibility. Now,imagine the confusion and disaster that could result from a similar incident occurring in ahospitalwhere lives, not inventory, are at stake. ?Code Blue 2000? is the term used to describe the possible breakdown of theworlds hospital software and related medical devices. Most hospital organizations haveprepared themselves for any problems that might occur with their software and medicalequipment. It is the organizations that ignore the potential problem that will most likelyloose valuable patient information, and in extreme cases, have their ability to furnishadequate health care reduced. Major Hospital in Shelbyville, Indiana, has a team of computer scientists currentlytesting the hospitals computer systems software for Y2K compatibility. First, mocksystems are tested to determine what will actually happen when the year changes. Then,obsolete software and equipment is replaced with Y2K compliant equipment. MajorHospital has spent over a half-million dollars on research of the Y2K problem. Thisresearch is extremely costly to an organization, but the alternativeignoring theproblemcould be catastrophic. This report will cover the numerous ways the Y2K problem could affect hospitals. The first and most important area that will be reviewed is the manner in which the Y2Kproblem could affect patients. The Y2K problem could adversely affect the biomedicaldevices some patients rely on for life-sustaining purposes. Then, the potential problemson the clerical side of hospital administration will be explored; focusing on patientsmedical records and accounts. Finally, the possible adverse effects on utilities such aselectricity, gas, and water will be discussed. A hospital is a place that a person should feelsafe and secure. This report will describe the steps being taken by hospitals to ensure thattheir patients peace of mind and sense of security is unaltered. The Y2K problem is a concern for hospitals worldwide for a variety of reasons. Perhaps the most pressing concern are the biomedical devices, which contain computersoftware, that many patients rely on. Some critical biomedical devices are pacemakers,fetal monitors, Magnetic Resonance Imaging machines (MRIs), and heart defibrillators. One of the most important biomedical devices that could be affected by the Y2K problem is the pacemaker. A pacemaker is a biomedical, electronic device implanted inthe wall of the heart designed to detect irregular heartbeats and provide regular, mild,electric shocks that restore normalcy to the heartbeat. The pacemaker then records thetime an electric shock was administered; this information can then be downloaded to acomputer system and analyzed by medical personnel. Cardiologists use this information todetect patterns and irregularities in the patients heart rhythms. If the software were torecord faulty times for the shock deliveries, the cardiologist could misinterpret the resultsand administer improper medical care. The results could be deadly for some patients. The Veterans Administration interviewed the top five pacemaker manufacturers togauge their awareness of the potentially hazardous Y2K problem. One company said theproblem would be corrected by mid-year; two companies stated the problem was alreadyunder control; and the final two companies were behind schedule in eradicate the problem. In addition to the pacemaker, there are several other biomedical devices that maycontain faulty software. One such type of device is an anesthesia monitor. An anesthesiamonitor regulates the anesthesias effect on the patient during surgery. Another criticalbiomedical device is a fetal monitor. A fetal monitor helps examine the condition of thebaby while it is still being carried by the mother. Incubators, critical to a newborn babyssurvival, could also be adversely affected by the Y2K problem. Other biomedical devices(and their functions) include MRIs (produce computer-generated views of arteries,nerves, tendons, and tumors), infusion pumps (used in intravenous drips), and heartdefibrillators (emergency method of establishing a heartbeat). All of the aforementioneddevices contain embedded microchips critical to their functions. There are also intensivecare monitors that may not be Y2K compliant; these include heart monitors, bloodpressure monitors, and machines that provide additiona l oxygen and physical support. Finally, dialysis machines (help remove waste from a patients blood) and radiationequipment (x-rays, chemotherapy, etc..) are other critical pieces of medical equipment thatcould fail if the software controlling their functions is not Y2K compliant. Major Hospital is currently working with all of their medical equipment vendors toensure that all biomedical devices are Y2K compliant. ?We are confident that outstandingpatient care will not be interrupted,? says Carol Hussman, information systems manager atMajor Hospital, ?and we are about 95 percent finished with all testing.?One may think that in this day and age, with all of our technological advancements,that the Y2K problem would not be of concern to even the average computer user with afairly new system; much less a vital institution such as a hospital where thousands of ourloved ones lives hang in the balance. However, this is not the case. There are stillhospitals in the United States that are not equipped to deal with the Y2K problem. Moreover, the U.S. is not the only place where the Y2K problem is causing difficulties. Infact, almost a third of computer-related equipment in Australian hospitals, includingcardiac monitors and drug distribution systems, have failed the mil lennium test. .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c , .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c .postImageUrl , .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c , .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c:hover , .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c:visited , .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c:active { border:0!important; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c:active , .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Reconstruction of the South EssayThe final aspect of patient care that may be affected is the mental health of thepatients. In a crisis situation, patients might panic; hospital staffs will have to be aware ofthis potential crisis. Major Hospital personnel are aware of this aspect of the Y2Kproblem and are focused on preventing any software problems that may lead to patientconfusion or panic. However, there are no specific strategies in place to handle possiblepatient disorder, other than by answering patient questions on an individual basis. The Y2K problem is not limited to biomedical devices, however. This dilemmaeffects non-medical devices such as the personal computers used in record-keeping andaccounting. If the programs that are used are not corrected, many problems could arise. Even though some patient records are kept in paper form as a backup, most patientinformation, such as test results, medical histories, registration, and insurance informationare kept in computer databases. These databases, if left unchecked for the Y2K problem,could malfunction. Patient information is important to physicians and other hospitalpersonnel using the databases. It is readily available to them at the touch of a keypad. Ifpatient information is inaccurate, it could result in detrimental care or incorrect medicationbeing administered to patients. This dilemma could be solved in one of two ways. One option hospitals have is toput all information on paper, which would be very time consuming and prone to causeerrors, or the database systems can be programmed to be Y2K compatible. In order toaddress the Y2K problem, President Bill Clinton signed into law the ?Year 2000Information and Readiness Disclosure Act.? In a statement by the president released bythe Office of the Press Secretary of the White House, this law requires the shared?necessary information tools needed to overcome the Y2K problem.? This will helphospital information systems departments acquire the knowledge necessary to reprogramnoncompliant systems. The personal computer problem not only affects the hospital records department,but also the purchasing, billing, and payroll aspects of the accounting department. The purchase of essential medical equipment and supplies could be delayed if clerical softwareis not brought into Y2K compliance. In addition to President Clinton signing into law requirements that hospitals andother businesses share information to help solve the Y2K problem, The Washington StateHealth Association (WSHA) also recommends steps for compatibility for insurance billing. According to Tom Byron, chief information officer of the WSHA, ?The Washington StateUniform Billing Committee (WSUBC) has adopted multiple resolutions concerningelectronic submission of Uniform Billing (UB-92) claims such as, (1) use of the MedicalFlat File, Version 5.0, (2) all plans should be ready to accept the recommended format byOctober 1, 1998, (3) providers should submit claims in the recommended format byJanuary 1, 1999, (4) all plans should allow for a period of October 1, 1998 to March 31,1999 for providers to submit claims in either the recommended format or the currentformat, and (5) electronic formats not Y2K compliant should cease beginning April 1,1999. If the laws enacted by the U.S. Congress and the president , and therecommendations made by the WSUBC are followed, the Y2K problem will likely havelittle or no affect on the clerical areas of hospitals. In addition to the patient care and clerical concerns facing hospitals with respect tothe Y2K problem, there is one other pressing concern for hospitals. Utilities are essentialto the everyday life most people are accustomed to. If the electricity goes out at home,most people just burn candles and wait, without much worry, for the lights to come backon. However, losing utility service in a hospital could be much more than aninconvenience. Imagine having to go to the hospital on December 31, 1999. It could be more of aproblem than you think. All hospitals rely on electricity, gas, and water for their everydayoperations. A spokesperson for Major Hospital states that all methods have beenexhausted to comply with state and federal guidelines and suggestions regarding the Y2Kproblem. The suggestions include, but are not limited to, obtaining a copy of the?Approach to the Y2K Problem?, distributed by the federal government. This approachsuggests a plan of attack and an inventory of all systems that might be affected. A teamshould be formed with a leader to assess the problems. This team should assess andprioritize possible problems. At that point, the team must prepare a list of all assessmentsmade. This leads the team to the testing phase of the operation. After testing, correctionsshould be made, and a reassessment needs to be done. Utilities are just a small portion ofthe testing that will be done. Utility companies are spending more than $2 billion to test and prepare theircomputers and replace software in order to successfully meet the Y2K challenge. At thistime, there is no evidence that the Y2K problem will create power failures within thenationwide electrical power-service grid. Electric companies plan to have a dressrehearsal in September, 1999, to gauge how utilities will react to a simulation of the Y2Kscenario. The inability of some equipment and computers with date-sensitive components todistinguish the correct year after the year 2000 has now become a widely recognized andaccepted problem. The utility company Cinergy began an active response to this dilemmain 1996 with a review of several million lines of computer software application code in acampaign to locate and correct date-sensitive fields. Most of that code has since beenexamined, corrected, tested, and returned to operation. All such remaining systems are onschedule for completion by March, 1999. Cinergy, like most owners of information systems, will be required to modifysignificant portions of its systems to accommodate new local, state, and federalrequirements brought about by the Y2K problem. During 1997, Cinergy incurred costs ofapproximately $8 million. Maintenance or modification costs will be absorbed as theyoccur, while the costs of new software will be capitalized and amortized over thesoftwares useful life. For example, at Hawaiian Electric Company (HECo), the Y2K project teamidentified significant problems with its energy management system (EMS). EMS is the?brain? of the power distribution system at all electric companies. This system is used toremotely control transmission system breakers, coordinate power generation schedules,compensate for large transmission line breaks, and provide protection against voltage, andcurrent and frequency transients. HECo and their EMS system vendor determined thatEMS would crash on the rollover to January 1, 2000. This would have, in turn, resultedin HECos transmission network crashing, and by default, a major power outage and lossof all generating capacity. .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 , .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 .postImageUrl , .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 , .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025:hover , .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025:visited , .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025:active { border:0!important; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025:active , .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: STUDY OF FAMILY INTERACTION LEAD TO NEW UNDERSTANDING OF ABUSIVE PAREN EssayBesides medical devices, embedded chips are ?hard wired? into other pieces ofequipment that may be critical to patient services or hospital operations. This equipmentis often the responsibility of the vendor, not the hospital. These systems include 1) firealarm systems, including detection, sending/ receiving, and suppression units, 2) securitysystems, including sending/receiving units, video and surveillance systems, and badgereaders, 3) telecommunications equipment, including telephone switching equipment,emergency call management systems, pagers, and cellular phones, 4) buildinginfrastructure, i ncluding HVAC, energy management and lighting controls, emergencygenerators and lighting, uninterruptible power supplies, and elevators. Major Hospital isamong a number of the worlds health care providers that will participate in every effort tominimize any and all malfunctions related to the Y2K problem. Gas companies are contacting their suppliers and service providers to determinethe status of their year 2000 compliance projects and will be developing contingency plansif their efforts do not meet certain goals. An inventory of computer systems, embeddedsystems, and resources has been developed and prioritized according to the importance tothe continuing operation of the companies. It is anticipated by gas companies that thistesting, and any required modifications to systems, will be completed by July, 1999. Major Hospital uses gas for heating and lab equipment. However, Major Hospital isunlikely to be affected by a gas outage because gasoline-powered electric generators willtake over in the event of an outage and run most systems. Wastewater and sewage treatment facilities are highly automated and contain year2000-vulnerable embedded chips. Also, emissions monitoring and control systems dependon year 2000-vulnerable embedded controls. Malfunctions due to Y2K problems couldlead to accidental pollutant-filled releases and emissions that could endanger localresidents. In August, 1998, a malfunctioning computer in Boulder, Colorado was blamedfor water main breaks that cut service to over 40 homes, flooded basements and garages,and turned city streets into raging rivers. A computer controlling water pressure gaveinaccurate readings, prompting a city worker to open the mains. Some residents andbusinesses were left without water for over a week. Major Hospital staff have preparedfor a water shortage. They have stocked up on bottled water, just as every other hospitalhas done. However, bottled water will only last so long. In the event of a prolongedwater shortage, such as the one in Boulder, Major Hospital personnel will be faced withpersonal hygiene and medicine issues. Patients must be bathed on a daily basis andwashed off completely. It is difficult to comprehend a hospital as an unsanitaryenvironment; where doctors must ?scrub? repeatedly to reduce the risk of infection andpatients must be kept free of germs. Medicines are sometimes mixed with water to formtheir completed structure. This crux could alarm the many patients who depend on thesemedicines. The sewage treatment plant in Shelbyille, Indiana that services Major Hospitalstates that the plant is already Y2K compliant. The faculty and staff at Major Hospital is extremely confident that when the newmillennium arrives, it will not be accompanied by any significant problems or catastropheswith regard to malfunctioning utilities. If any problems do surface, Major Hospital hasassured its community and its patients that the problems will be minor in scope and will bequickly and efficiently dealt with. As has been discussed in this report, the Y2K problem is a vast and complex issuethat must be dealt with by hospitals. Virtually every facet of hospital care is affected bythe Y2K problem. Patient care, clerical software, and utilities are three major aspects ofthe hospital organization that, if left unchecked for Y2K compliance, could causeconfusion, sickness, and even death among hospital patients. Worst case scenarios involvemalfunctioning pacemakers, improper medication being dispensed, and unusabledefibrillators in emergency situations. The Major Hospital staff, like most other hospitalstaffs, continue s to work diligently to ensure that whatever malfunctions occur are minor. It is difficult to predict the scope of the Y2K problem and the possible severity ofrelated malfunctions when the most knowledgeable computer experts disagree on theseverity of the problem. According to Alastair Stewart, a senior Year 2000 advisor withinformation technologies market watcher Giga Information Group, the Y2K computerdate bug will not cause an ?embedded systems Armageddon? as some have feared. ?Itmay rain, but the sky wont fall.? Giga recently called for a ?common-sense approach? tothe Y2K threat. Some projected scenarios have Y2K failures toppling civilization. Forexample, in one sequence of falling dominoes, embedded track switching controls willcause railroads to fail to deliver coal to power generation plants. As a result, electricutilitieswhich have Y2K problems of their ownwill shut down. As the power grid goesdead, telephones will stop working. Without communications the interlinked banks andinternational finance structures begin to fall and, ultimately, so does c ivilization. ?Can you hear the four horsemen galloping off in the distance remarked Stewart. ?Its easy to scare people with talk about The Great God Teowawki.? ?Teowawki?stands for ?the end of the world as we know it,? Stewart explained. Just as some downplay potential Y2K problems, others offer substantial evidencethat the Y2K problem is for real. Mike Wedland, a noted software expert and author ofnumerous computer software guides, produces the following examples for consideration:U.S. Social Security computer programmers have identified 30 million lines of codethat need to be changed to reflect the correct date after the year 2000. Some 400programmers have been working on this problem since 1991. As of June, 1997 theyhad corrected only 5 million lines. The Internal Revenue Service has identified 100 million lines of code that need to bechanged in their computers to fix Y2K problems. They have only found about 300programmers and they are just now getting started. An estimated 65 percent of the businesses in the U.S that need to correct the problemhave done nothing so far. Regardless of whether the Y2K problem is all hype or a catastrophe waiting tohappen, hospitals must prepare for the worst. While businesses deal in profits and stocks,hospitals deal in human beings. When peoples health and lives are at stake it is best to beaggressively cautious. It appears that most U.S. hospitals have a firm understanding of theconsequences of not being Y2K compliant, and are dealing with the issue accordingly. Technology Essays

Plague DBQ essays

Plague DBQ essays Between the 15th and 18th century, a plague was set on Europe and killed at least one third of the population. Not one single European knew what caused this to happen. Because they didn't know or have any scientific reasoning back then, they had religious and super-natural beliefs. Everyone had their own conclusion to what might've caused this or cam up with suppositional solutions and others with rational or irrational conclusions as well. Because people had their own opinions and concerns, things became even worse trying to make it for their own benefit. Each class had their own advantages and some unfortunately had their disadvantages. In 1484, Schoolmaster at Deventer, Netherlands, mentions and states that the plague "drove many others away" from school. (Doc 1) Some schools had both higher and lower classmen and because of this, the rich kids had the advantage. They were able to move to different areas of Europe and were able to pull themselves away from the plague and as for the lower classmen, they had the disadvantage of staying in the area were the plague is spreading. In addition, in 1521, Nicolas Versoris, French author who rote the Book of Reason said that, "since the rich fled, death was principally directed towards the poor." (Doc 3) It indicates how much greater of a chance the rich had to escape the plague. The lower class had a bigger chance of dying and suffering from the plague than the higher class. The only advantage the lower classmen had was to hope for the best outcome, but the higher classmen had the capabilit y of saving themselves and their families. There were other concerns and other beliefs but this time using science. In 1512, Erasmus of Rotterdam stated that "the plague and sickness in England is due to the filth in the streets" (Doc 2) This indicates the growing secularization of the science during the renaissance and the departure from super natural explanation of natural disasters. In addition, i ...

Competitive Growth Strategy ZARA and H&M Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Competitive Growth Strategy ZARA and H&M - Essay Example A close analysis of the two companies namely Hennes and Mauritz (H&M) and Zara reveals that they both have strengths peculiar to their business operations. One major strength characteristic of both companies is that they have vertically integrated business models which allow them to set the pace of information flow thereby determine their own business operations. Their stores have diversified products as well ranging from clothing for all age groups to cosmetics which give variety to shoppers. Another notable strength characteristic of both organisations is the ability to have the global patent, which is exclusive rights to their brand names and products which make them different from other rival competitors’ products. It shows that they are operating legally which creates mutual trust among customers. This can also be done by making their brands absolutely unique from other products already on the market as a way of showing that they are not mere copycats. By also establishing well-defined distribution channels, the company would stand better chances of positive growth. Whilst the two companies have different approaches to their distribution methods, it can be noted that they have efficient distribution systems which offer a credit in the success of the business. However, there are bound to be weaknesses faced by H &M as well as Zara in their attempt to achieve this feat of establishing themselves as forces to reckon with in the market. One major weakness that is evident for H & M in its endeavour to establish itself as a formidable organisation is its apparent lack of competitor and customer analysis. This often is dangerous as it risks failing to keep pace with customer needs as a result of lack of information. On the other hand, Zara’s major weakness is that its design and product development are human intensive which leads to less retail returns than the cost of production. On the other  hand, opportunities for both companies lie in their ability to penetrate international markets which may have a different appeal than the local markets.