Homework Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Schoolwork - Coursework Example The four viewpoints comprehensively helped shape the American culture. For instance, marriage and female family life were portrayed as essential objective for the American lady related to extreme strict recharging. The media gave a stage through which the different angles were spread. Strict pioneers were additionally pivotal in the American culture. For instance, Evangelist Billy Graham was an otherworldly guide to a few United States’ Presidents (Kutler 96) The guarantees that were made by Kennedy were an assault on neediness, just as developing the economy. The guarantees were completely equipped towards monetary remaking. He vowed to move enactments to make sure that he accomplished these objectives and was moved particularly by the frantic conditions he saw when he battled in Appalachia, in 1960. After securing the administration, he helped push destitution onto the national plan where he won a $2 billion urban-country recharging program (Kutler 77). He was killed in 1963 and his guarantees were acknowledged by his replacement by the name of Lyndon B. Johnson who moved for the establishment of the Civil Rights of 1964 and the Economic Opportunity Act that accentuated on unqualified war on

Familiarity Threat and Auditor Independence †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Familiarity Threat and Auditor Independence. Answer: Presentation: James Bromley revealing duty data and supportive data to another record isn't infringement of moral gauges. James has authorization from his customer to uncover the review and duty data to the Jayne Godfrey who will be the new evaluator. James giving other data in regards to the customer item, administrations and potential administrations is inside the inspecting principles of polished methodology. This training doesnt meddle with the honesty, autonomy, and objectivity of the inspecting principles. James systematic handover to Jayne will improve proficient ability which is inside his due consideration. This expert conduct by James to unveil significant data about the firm to be inspected is as per Auditing Standards area 304 and 204 on information on the business and terms of enganagement separately. Fred Hingarra who is an evaluator returning to work on reviewing in the wake of going through quite a long while in another calling is an infringement of moral standards. Fred violets the standard of being expertly capable in the wake of being ceaselessly from the business for a long time. Six years is quite a while to lose capability in embraced reviewing of an open organization. Besides, Fred activity to get an expert repayment protection for his work is against the due consideration princinple of inspecting. The evaluator ought to be prepared to take obligation of care of his activities and supposition (Carey, Subramaniam, and Ching, 2006). Asquith Accountants promoting in a nearby paper is an infringement of examining morals and standards. The firm giving unique proposal to customers is a type of convincing them to land the position of inspecting. A commercial in a nearby paper by an evaluating firm to give charge discount inside 10days disregards the standards of uprightness through amateurish conduct. The promotion to speak to a customer additionally violets the standard of objectivity that alerts examiners from taking an interest in exercises that can hinder or attempt to debilitate fair appraisal. Amy Harris playing a job of treasurer in a neighborhood not revenue driven business isn't an infringement of moral standards. The nearby athletic club isn't examined by the organization that Amy works for. This shows Amy Harris taking this position won't impedance with her capacity to execute her activity as an examiner. The autonomy of an examiner won't be undermine by a post of treasurer in a not revenue driven association. Along these lines, there will be no infringement of the evaluating moral rule of Amy taking the position and proceeding with her activity as an evaluator. Simtec Ltd exhortation to Gordan Accountants firm about the propriety of the last report is an infringement of the moral standards. Initially, the instruct violets the freedom concerning the inspectors. The reviewers freedom to introduce the valid and reasonable assessment of the fiscal summaries of the organization is compromised. This implies the Gordon Accountants activities and feeling will be impacted to the other side. The inspector will be required to offer a specific input so as to get his compensation. Furthermore, there is infringement of the objectivity guideline where the reviewer is being engaged with exercises that are probably going to hinder impartial assessment (O'Leary, and Stewart, 2007). This implies the reviewer will be compelled to offer a one-sided input. This will likewise debilitate the expert judgment of a reviewer. In conclusion, the administration of Simtec vicious the terms of commitment with the examining firm as specified in the Auditing principles AUS 710. David Dale going into contact with Cheap Insurance Company is an infringement of moral standards. Davids activity abuses the moral rule of classification. The Cheap Insurance Company needs David to utilize the data he has from the evaluating procedure to suggest customers. Initially, this will prompt David utilizing the data from the examined firms without their position. Also, the David utilizes the evaluated data for individual advantages. The Cheap Insurance Company is promising 5% for each customer that David will get. This is against the secrecy rule that requires regard the estimation of data they get during the time spent examining (Craswell, Stokes, and Laughton, 2002). The reviewer ought to ensure the data obtained. Ultimately, it illegal and destinations for an examiner to utilize review data for individual addition. Hence, David will damage classification moral rule. Ellen Davis playing the job in the review group that will review Jenkins Ltd dangers the autonomy of the inspecting procedure. Ellen Davis filled in as a senior records director for Jenkins Ltd and along these lines can be utilized to review the budget reports that she arranged. Utilizing Ellen for this situation will prompt irreconcilable situations. This circumstance will be because of a relationship that Ellen had for four months with the substance that will be evaluated. Ellen being a piece of the group to review the budget report of Jenkins Ltd will be impacted by her to make one-sided assessment. This won't fundamental speak to the valid and reasonable money related situation of the organization being inspected. John Dargin reviewing Winmalee Ltd doesn't compromise the autonomy of examiners. The monetary records of Winmalee Ltd have adopted a hopeful strategy on valuating their impalpable resources which will require the inspector to comprehend the way to deal with offer an input. Furthermore, the Winmale Ltd gave all the subtleties of it ranking staff about their benefits execution and all data about the bookkeeping measures utilized. Despite the fact that the methodology is thoughtful the examiner autonomy isn't undermined by it will be hard to offer an input dependent on the bookkeeping norms set in Australia. John will in this manner be require3d to offer an input by organization approach or offer a certified input that the readiness of the budget summaries were not as per the by and large acknowledged principles of bookkeeping in Australia. A welcome to visit an auxiliary or part of the organization doesn't compromise an autonomy of the evaluator. Visiting the shop where imperfect chocolates are sold at a markdown cost expands the reviewers information on the business that is being evaluated. This will permit the evaluator to know about the organizations removal of imperfection chocolates. In this way, a solicitation to a second shop during the time spent examining won't meddle with the inspectors freedom (Ye, Carson, and Simnett, 2011). The overseeing chief solicitation for an adaptable methodology in review is a danger to the examiners freedom. The supervisor effect on the review report undermines the fair of the report. The examiner won't have the option to give the valid and reasonable condition of the Companys money related position. This will be because of obstruction on the procedure of inspecting. The reviewer ought to be the one to pick the methodology of inspecting the budget reports of the organization. On the other record, it illegal for the Managing Director to meet an evaluator before initiation of the reviewing procedure. Elaine Ong being a senior individual from a review group and having dating the senior Accountant compromises the autonomy of the examining procedure. Elaine won't have the option to offer fair input about the records that are arranged or regulated by a person who have a close connection. There will be an irreconcilable situation during the time spent reviewing. To begin with, the Elaine Ong will be one-sided to ensure her relationship with the Accountant. This will endanger the entire procedure prompting an occurrence where sentiment is one-sided. Furthermore, the connection among Elaine and James will prompt personal circumstances to safe watchman the beau work. This will prompt Elaine offering inadequate input. In this manner, the connection among Elaine and James will prompt clash between the investors premiums and their inclinations. Elaine will at that point work to serve her enthusiasm to the detriment of the investors premiums. Elaine ought not be a piece of the review group s ince her relationship with the bookkeeper in the firm to be examined. Consequently, having a relationship clashes intrigues that undermines the freedom of the examiners (Hussey, 2007). Diane Polo playing in a similar group with Elise Lift who is a senior Account insect and a few different individuals from the Rangers Ltd that will be reviewed doesn't undermine the autonomy of the evaluating report. The connection between Diane, Elise and different individuals from staff of the Rangers is for playing softball. The relationship is of companions. This relationship doesn't have shared interests in business. The inspecting sentiment that will be given in the reviewing report won't influence Diane in any capacity. The autonomy of Diane to make judgment for this situation won't be affected by the mates in the organization. The freedom must be compromises when the connection between the examiner and a part in the group has personal stakes that can risk investors premiums (van der Wiele et al., 2011). Subtleties of inspectors report on budget reports To begin with, the inspector reports contains subtleties on whether the budget reports are set up in reliable with the acknowledged bookkeeping standards. The fiscal report in Australia ought to be set up as per Australian Accounting norms (AAS). These measures are equivalent to universal Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs). These guidelines are to be met in the fiscal summaries for an assessment of unfit in the review report. The consistence with AAS principles makes it simple for an inspector to comprehend the fiscal summary while reviewing them. Second, the review report contains an announcement of fiscal reports on consistence with pertinent legal necessity. The review report shows whether the fiscal summary consented to legal guidelines such a

Video Audio Meetup with The Minimalists

Video Audio Meetup with The Minimalists Throughout 2012 we  brought our simple-living message to more than  4,000 people in 51 cities. Each of these 51 meetups has been different: weve never written down a script, weve had small crowds and sold-out crowds, weve interacted with 11-year-olds and 83-year-olds and everyone in between, and weve given plenty of hugs. On January 10, 2013, we spoke to a standing-room-only crowd at Town Hall Seattle. During that meetup, we talked for half-an-hour and answered a hour of questions from the crowd.  If you missed any of our meetups, or if we havent visited your city (yet), you can check out the video and audio from that meetup below. Video If you cant see the video, you can view it on YouTube. Audio Photos You can hear just the audio from our Seattle meetup  here. Bonus: find photos from our most recent spring tour here  here. Bring The Minimalists  to Your City Want to bring The Minimalists to your neck of the woods? Awesome! Check out our speaking page  for details. If you find value in The Minimalists, consider donating a dollar.

Grand Strategy - 3490 Words

Gaurav kumar (SEC. A) Grand Strategies Strategy Formulation is a strategic planning or long range-planning. This process is primarily analytical, not action oriented. This process involves scanning external and internal environmental factors, analysis of the strategic factors and generation, evaluation and selection of the best alternative strategy appropriate to the analysis. Identification of various alternative strategies is an important aspect of strategic management as it provides the alternatives which can be considered and selected for implementation in order to arrive at certain result. At this stage, the managers are able to complete their environmental analysis and appraisal of their strengths and they are in a position to†¦show more content†¦They also pursue growth strategy to reduce cost of production per unit. Growth Strategies involve a significant increase in performance objectives. These strategies are adopted when firms remarkably broadens the scope of thei r customer groups, customer functions and alternative technologies either singly or in combination with each other. Reasons for adopting Growth Strategies: In the long run, growth is necessary for the very survival of the organizations themselves, particularly when the environment is quite volatile. Growth offers many economies because of large scale operations. Growth Strategy is taken up because of managerial motivation to do so. Managers with high degree of achievement and recognition always prefer to grow. There are certain intangible advantages of growth. These may be in the form of increased prestige of the organization, satisfaction to employees and social benefits. Example: Growing companies have high level of prestige in the corporate world, e.g., Reliance, Infosys, Hindustan Unilever, etc. Types of Growth / Expansion Strategies: (i)Concentric Expansion Strategy: The first route of growth is to expand the present line of business. It can be aimed at market penetration, mark et development and / or product development. Market Penetration: The organization tries to capture market share in the existing product and aims at expanding its business at a rate higher than the industryShow MoreRelatedClassification Of Strategies Into Grand Strategies Essay906 Words   |  4 PagesSome of the strategies, formulated (recommended) in the previous tool (tool 14), were formed by combining two or more similar strategies (they required similar process/actions or they had similar or complementary outcomes). These strategies will have multiple, complex, and a different degree of impacts on product, market, and organization. Hence, in some cases, the same strategy may fall under two or more grand strategies. This is natural and a sign of a good strategy in a sense that a defensiveRead MoreGrand Strategy890 Words   |  4 PagesAvon Products, Inc. This paper aims to present the two sides of the grand strategy by Avon in increasing its sales through the expansion of its distribution and capturing a large market in the industry. Avon Products, Inc. is a manufacturer and marketer of personal care products, including skin-care, hair care, color cosmetics, fragrances, personal hygiene, and a limited line of non-personal care products such as jewelry, apparel, decorative and home entertainment products and a provider of spaRead MoreGrand Strategies6960 Words   |  28 PagesGrand Strategies ï  ® Grand strategies are also called strategic thrusts. They provide basic direction for specific strategic actions and functional tactics. Some grand strategies are used together and reinforce each other and some are usually employed singly. Grand Strategy ï  ® ï  ® General plan of major action to achieve longterm goals Falls into three general categories 1. Growth 2. Stability A separate grand strategy can be 3. Retrenchment defined for global operations Grand Strategy:Read MoreAnalysis Of Grand Strategy Matrix. The Grand Strategy Matrix1443 Words   |  6 Pages Analysis of Grand Strategy Matrix The Grand Strategy Matrix is a newer tool used for formulating alternative strategies (David David, 2017). Similar to the BCG matrix, the Grand Strategy Matrix is places the business or the business divisions into one of four quadrants based on two evaluation dimension 1) competitive position on the x-axis and 2) market growth on the y-axis (David David, 2017). The franchise segment would be located in Quadrant II, which would indicate this segment shouldRead MoreThe Initiation Of A Grand Strategy3182 Words   |  13 Pages The Initiation of a Grand Strategy: A Comparative Analysis of the Carter, Bush, and Obama Presidencies Introduction The President of the United States sits at the epicenter of the U.S. Foreign policy establishment. Seen as the most power person in the world, the judgment of the president on foreign affairs is often regarded as unquestionable.1 For the president, policy-making power comes from Article II of the Constitution. This article outlines executive powers and the roles of the commander-in-chiefRead MoreGrand Strategic Alternatives : Meaning Of Grand Strategies Essay3681 Words   |  15 PagesGrand Strategic Alternatives - Meaning of Grand Strategies The word strategy was common in times of military combat and war. This was before the 1950’s when strategy was studied outside the realms of war and as a discipline. For companies and businesses strategy has become an important factor to be considered in the ever changing environment. Grand strategies are seen as a basis for coordinated and sustained effort directed to the achievement of business long term goals.(II, 1982). Grand strategyRead MoreThe National Grand Strategy Of A State2395 Words   |  10 PagesThe national grand strategy of a state indicates what is most important to the state’s interests and the means with which they plan to successfully achieve these goals factoring in the resources available to them, threats to their interests and all dimensions of strategy. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia was left to face the international system in a newly independent form and henceforth it’s grand strategy had to be altered to suit new circumstances. In his foreign and defenceRead MoreGrand Strategies For Coca Cola Company1409 Words   |  6 PagesGrand strategies are very important to any company rather big or small. Without a grand strategy, a company is at risk of working without a plan, goals, or direction. Grand strategies help companies shape the course of their business and are focused on long-term goals. In this assignment, I will be discussing the grand strategies of the Coca-Cola Company. I will be discussing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of the Coca-Cola Company, the grand strategy selection matrixRead MoreThe Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire Essay1396 Words   |  6 PagesA Review of Edward N. Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire from the First Century A.D. to the Third. Edward Luttwak’s The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire from the First Century A.D. to the Third gives a militaristic analysis of the tactics used by the Roman Empire while also highlighting parallels between Rome and contemporary U.S. military policy. Luttwak divides his book into three chapters, a chapter for each of the 3 identified systems; the first chapter discusses Rome’s useRead MoreSouthwest Airlines’ Grand Strategies Recommendations 545 Words   |  2 PagesGrand strategies, often called master or business strategies, provided basic direction for strategic actions. There are many grand strategies that Southwest Airline can chose from when considering which strategies match with their company’s strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Southwest Airlines is excellent in planning out their long-term goals. The above SWOT analysis proved that the company is successfully carrying out the cost leadership strategy to manipulate their competitors

Cultural Relativism, By Lila Abu Lughod - 1359 Words

Cultural relativism is the view that we should seek to understand other cultures within their own context, rather than through the biased understanding of our own cultural beliefs. When Americans see Bedouin women wearing veils, they are likely to view this practice in the context of their own culture and see it purely as an act of male oppression—an idea that would be very confounding and offensive to Bedouin women themselves. To say that, in the future, Bedouin women might â€Å"be free to not be veiled† undermines Bedouin culture because it fundamentally misunderstands the practice of veiling, speaking about it in an American context rather than a Bedouin context. So in order to understand the practice of veiling, we must think in terms of†¦show more content†¦The Bedouin believe that showing these things to others is a form of exposure. For this reason, they value extreme modesty, and find sexuality to be very shameful. Because they can bear children, women are directly tied to ideas of fertility, which is both valued and looked down upon in Bedouin life. Because of menstruation, which cannot be controlled, a woman cannot ever fully have ‘agl. This is one part of why women in Bedouin culture are considered inferior to men. Another concept at the core of Bedouin ethics, which is linked to aá ¹ £l in some ways, is kinship. Bedouin people have an ideology of very strong, natural, unbreakable bonds of blood, especially through agnates (those in the same male bloodline). The concept of kinship is not restricted to blood, but also extends to those who live together, sharing a type of temporary bond. Loyalty to friends and family is very important to the Bedouin, and so the concept of kinship ties directly back into their sense of honor. Within Bedouin culture, directly connected to the concept of kin, is a complex hierarchical social structure of superiors and dependents. It is true that Bedouin men are generally dominant over Bedouin women, but for the Bedouin the concept of authority is derived from moral worthiness. If someone is deserving of authority, they are also considered honorable (which is not to say that this is always theShow MoreRelatedUnder the Desguise of a Passageway to Happiness: Assimiliation779 Words   |  3 Pagescrucial for all people. Ahmed’s article can also be related to Lila Abu Lughod’s article about â€Å"Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and Its Others.† In Abu Lughod’s article, Westerners use the excuse of liberating Muslim women from terrorists, to assimilate them into the Western culture (786). While Ahmed challenges the British’s arrogant need to assimilate Indians into their culture, Abu Lughod does the same in her article by exposing that Muslim womenRead MoreThe Brown Eyed / Blue Eyed Experiment980 Words   |  4 Pagesthemselves further susceptible to being repressed and mistreated. 3. Cultural relativism occurs when an individual believes that his or hers beliefs and traditions should be understood by other persons or cultures based on that individual s values and perceptions. In Abu-Lughod s essay, the author investigates whether the American intervention in Afghanistan is a proper way to liberate and free Afghan women from being oppressed. Abu-Lughod compares some of the aspects of the mission in Afghanistan toRead More`` It s All On The Family : Intersections Of Gender, Race, And Nation1185 Words   |  5 PagesI’m left to wonder if we’ve taken the same approach in regards to feminist ideals. It seems today, feminism’s mantra is that all women are equal, but Western women are still somehow superior. Lila Abu- Lughod’s piece titled â€Å"Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and Its Others† intrigued me due to its title asking a question which at one point (at least for me) had an obvious response. To see if the answer to this was truly palpable, I decided to askRead MorePersepolis : The Story Of A Childhood1654 Words   |  7 PagesThanks to her slightly alternative lifestyle, she is able to reconstruct gender norms that society has set by depicting the different ways women resist them. â€Å"Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and Its Others† by Lila Abu-Lughod is an essay detailing the misconceptions surrounding the veil. Through this essay we can see how colonial feminism, the form of feminism in which western women push for a western way of living on their third world counterpartsRead MoreDo Muslim Women Really Need Saving?7400 Words   |  30 PagesDo M uslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and Its Others Author(s): Lila Abu-Lughod Reviewed work(s): Source: American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 104, No. 3 (Sep., 2002), pp. 783-790 Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the American Anthropological Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3567256 . Accessed: 18/01/2012 15:55 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms Conditions of Use, available atRead MoreAnthà ­a Muà ±oz April 23, 2014 WMST 3100-001 Final Exam IV: Feminist scholarship extensively2200 Words   |  9 Pagesnot be limited to western ideals of liberation. Discourse, Power and Resistance Embedded in intricate systems of privilege and oppression, we are both subjects and agents of social control. As institutional forces construct and maintain social-cultural hierarchies in which power relations inevitably structure an individuals interpretation of not only their environment but also their self-identity. These power relations exercised through discourse, enacted through social institutions (i.e., education

Which Who Region Includes Your Country - 1234 Words

. Which WHO region includes your country? Chad is in the WHO region of Sub Saharan Africa. 3. Provide a quick snapshot of your less developed country. Population, history, cause of its poverty, environmental or political factors influencing the country’s health status. The population of Chad is 11,412,107 people. Chad has been inhabited for thousands of years. In the 8th century the development of agriculture meant that there were settled communities. However, in the north and east people often moved around across various areas of land to graze their livestock. The people in the north became known as the Berbers. Whereas, Southern Chad had several ethnic groups. The largest group in this region was the Sara (Our Africa, 2015). The people†¦show more content†¦Independence was granted in 1960. In the first decade after independence northerners were often excluded from national politics (Our Africa, 2015). Rebellion movements formed in the north, in particular the National Liberation Front (FROLINAT) (Our Africa, 2015). Civil wars were also a part of the history of Chad. Civil wars occurred in the 1970s and 1980s. Between 1982 and 1990, a northern dominated government created a terror in the south. The leader at the time was Hissen Habre. He was overthrown in 1990 by Idriss Deby, whose party won parliamentary elections in the following year (Our Africa, 2015). There were also neighbour disputes referring to the Gaddafi era where Libya took a large interest in Chad. At one point, Libya annexed a strip in northern Chad. To force Libya out of the country it took a unified Chadian offensive in 1987 with French and US assistance (Our Africa, 2015). Chad has also had a long running dispute with Sudan. There have been thousands of Sudanese who have fled to Chad. This has occurred because they have escaped the fighting in the Darfur region of western Sudan. Chad suffers from the overall widespread poverty. It is evident that nearly two-thirds of people in Chad live below the poverty line and the population remains among the world’s poorest (Our Africa, 2015). The United Nations Human Development Index in 2010 shows that Chad was ranked near the bottom at 163 out of

Organizational Behavior Dynamics

Question: Describe about the Organizational Behavior Dynamics? Answer: Introduction Citizenship conduct is most obliged and all the more separating in the retouching concentrate in light of the way that patients need uncommon thought and helpful practices of supportive work power (powers, therapeutic experts, medication aces, and so forth) in managing their cases. OCB has a critical part in fortifying aim and progress of patients. A scope of level citizenship practices arrive in a mixture of structures, for occasion, dependability, helping different people, and dependable loveliness and alliance's inclination authorities why ought to masterminded contribute their deeds and capacities to the family despite the way that that is not formally needed of them. This devotion of complete citizenship conduct to affiliations has gotten much appearance in the business locale. The considered dynamic citizenship conduct showed up more than two decades prior in the field of respected way. Beginning now and into the not so distant, there has been stunning examination, essentially in the US, drawing in masterminded recognition and translations of this idea. Beginning late, there has pretty much just like a making fervor for OCB in the fields of progressing and framework. On the other hand, to the best of the analysts' information, most studies on OCB have settled on discovering parts which affect OCB, by and large real esteem and qualities of pioneers. Slighting the way that attributes of lawful structure can affect individuals' way and practices; little research has concentrated on the relationship between the portions of dynamic level and OCB. Specifically, studies utilizing a complete way to deal with dissect OCB, including the impact of different leveled functional highlights, conclusive helper highlights, and force are bizarre. To beat the restrictions of past studies and to enhance the estimation of suitable research on OCB, this study proposed to dismantle and re view OCB and its result utilizing an exhaustive strategy. The key reason behind the study was to examine delegates' illumination on conclusive worth (procedural quality), pioneers' practices (transformational force), and dynamic structure and its consequences for OCB. Without a doubt, this study investigates the impacts of OCB on delegates' work fulfillment. These days, social assurance affiliations face comparable dispute inconveniences like other association composed establishments like banks, telecom, planning, security, and so on. In regions of client requesting top notch associations at focused costs and went on with receptiveness and questions. Wellbeing care is right away patient-focused, where highlights are on client orchestrated showcasing. In this manner, the idea association business division supports the purchaser, as opposed to the dealer. With the making rivalry and relentlessly complex business environment there is diminishing in the capacity to comprehend and envision the consistent necessities of affiliations and therefore, affiliations can't forcefully portray their staff yearnings to work, in light of the way that the striking execution is not because of the normal tries of the staff, thusly, affiliations need specialists with a longing to move past formal job wishes. This idea has not discovered legal place in helpful focuses regardless of the beneficial outcome on master's office picture. The trademark and affectability of the social security development has amplified the necessities of OCB. Offices need to arrange and craving their specialists to release their responsibilities and resourcefully put additional endeavors (OCB) where needed. Also, powers fight that citizenship practices urge access to office objectives, and update its execution. In this way OCB will amass association sufficiency, tolerant fulfillment and support, upgrading authority's office corporate picture furthermore result to accomplishment of different leveled effecting. Interrelationships And Research Hypotheses Development (Obc, Hcl And Performance) Through the examination of the CBO related issues in particular affiliations and consolidate that the delegates extra attempts in performing their commitments inside and out improves affiliation execution in a couple of ways: to enhance the capability of partners and boss; release resources for more productive activities; diminish the uncommon resources needed for the backing of the normal operation of the affiliation; backing in the coordination between work social events and get-togethers inside sustain the limit for the relationship to attract and hold skilled delegates; Redesign the quality of the affiliation; g. takes off affiliations more responsive to change in nature. Along these lines, OCB estimations were considered as discriminating benefactors to definitive execution. In mending office environment in this way, it is likely that a tolerably tweaked OCB will advantage both partners (helping one another) and direct influence facility execution. Subsequently, the first hypothesis is arranged as take after H1: OCB is totally related to center's execution. Corporate correspondence in this study can be depicted as the photos a recuperating focus endeavors to its accomplices especially its patients and agents about its organizations. Size of the recuperating office, openness of front line equipment, volume of bolster) and subjective (i.e. nature of organization, reputation and photo of the mending focus) terms that perceive one center from another and attract and hold patients. This study will try to rehash the relationship amidst HCI and progressive execution with focus on specialist's office. Therefore, a solid and positive corporate picture will tend to add to mending focus ampleness and adequacy. Appropriately, we propose: H2: HCI is strongly related to execution. Composing expressed that both CB and CI contribute fundamentally to recuperating office execution. As being what is indicated, it is clear from the past analyzes that agents' extra tries in performing their commitments past what are formally required of them will enhance th e photo of the specialist's office quite. Thusly, Hospital citizenship behavior appears to progress corporate picture. Thusly, the third hypothesis is proposed as: H3: Citizenship Behavior attempts have useful results on center corporate picture Furthermore, "does the presentation of recuperating office corporate picture give a better illumination than the effect of OCB on execution?" Hence, the fourth theory is depicted as take after H4: Hospital corporate picture affirms the relationship between citizenship behavior and execution. Benefits OF OCB OCB has been demonstrated to have a beneficial outcome on illustrative execution and wellbeing, and this hence has perceptible stream on effects on the affiliation. There is test verification for the by and large held affirmation that satisfied workers perform better, yet this is association, not causal. Of course, certain sorts of execution fundamentally those related to citizenship conduct will be unreasonable by occupation satisfaction. Consider workers who are useful with their managers and partners, willing to make deals and surrender and are 'less requesting to work with', pros who 'aid with the extra remotely unimportant subtle elements' without grumbling (or really offering to do thusly without being asked) these practices are all included inside OCB. This could be by virtue of specialists who take part in OCB are basically appreciated more and saw more absolutely (this has wound up known as the 'brilliance effect'), or it may be a result of more work-related reasons, for i nstance, the manager's conviction that OCB accept a basic part in the affiliation's general accomplishment, or perspective of OCB as an articulation of delegate obligation due to its resolute nature (Organ et al., 2006). Regardless of the reason, the second effect is that a better execution rating is associated than getting prizes, for instance, boosts in salary, remunerates, progressions or work-related benefits. Thirdly, because these specialists have better execution assessments and get more imperative prizes, when the association is curtailing e.g. in the midst of a monetary retreat, these specialists will have a lower plausibility of being made overabundance. The extent that the effect that various leveled citizenship behavior has on legitimate sufficiency inspected the differing instruments through which an individual OCBà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s are acknowledged to impact definitive accomplish. These instruments are: Enhancing the profit of associates, by for instance helping they learn new abilities and best-hone. Enhancing the profit of higher administrative staff, by for instance giving them helpful input around a particular work assignment. Freeing up assets that can be utilized for more profitable capacities, by for instance being scrupulous and showing that time intensive supervision is not needed. Reducing the need to dedicate rare assets for simply upkeep capacities, by for instance decreasing gathering clash by gathering helping practices and less exertion is required for clash intercession. Describe how the program encouraged organisational citizenship behaviour in Mater employees? Representatives with larger amounts of occupation fulfillment show authoritative citizenship practices (OCB) with more prominent return. OCB is portrayed as the optional exertion of workers past the necessities of their set of expectations. Associations advantage from the expanded benefit workers showing OCB make. The Mater Credo gives an establishment to representatives to show the 'great citizenship' characteristics of OCB. In offering preparing and improvement, a device generally perceived to make enhanced employment fulfillment, another stage to further create construct OCB was actuated. The courses furnished workers with the aptitudes, information and in particular the certainty to show a scope of practices not a piece of their standard occupation necessities. The principal step was permitting the staff to launch the enrolment process. This showed Mater esteemed and trusted people to control their preparation and improvement. The responsibility for procedure guaranteed members h ad a more noteworthy personal stake in their effective fruition. Members of the system finished work related task in their own particular time, and effectively occupied with ventures outside their typical. Besides, in picking up a more noteworthy comprehension of the association they worked for members were further adjusted to the way of life and estimations of Mater, consequently expanding employment fulfillment and OCB. Organisational culture has been linked to performance. Detail the benefits the MHS culture provides to support increased organisational performance. The qualities and convictions of the Mater Credo support the hierarchical systems and destinations. MHS official and administration activities show a promise to 'Living the Values', for case the formation of the preparation program and insurance of professional stability with the Children's doctor's facility merger. These activities have made an atmosphere of trust amongst the representatives. Moreover, the Mater society is a key supporter to above normal worker meeting study results. Connected with staff report more elevated amounts of occupation fulfillment, expanded arrangement of qualities and a viewpoint of staying long haul with the association. The Mater Credo of; Mercy, Dignity, Care, Commitment and Quality structures the premise of its all encompassing consideration approach. The Credo guides representatives in their every day associations with patients, their families, suppliers, the group and other staff. An attention is set on the nature of and duty to employment errands whilst recognizing the noteworthiness of the interpersonal ascribes in building connections to attain to these assignments. This methodology connected to its history and floated by solid representative relationship to the Mater qualities and convictions makes an upper hand open and private human services suppliers are not able to reproduce. References Ashkanasy, Neal M, W. J Zerbe, and Charmine E. J Hartel. The Effect Of Affect In Organizational Settings. Amsterdam: Elsevier JAI, 2005. Print. Barker, Richard A. On Organizational Citizenship. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 2006. Print. Chen, Oliver T. Organizational Behavior Dynamics. New York: Nova Science Publishers Inc., 2009. Print. Duyer, Ibrahim, and Anthony H Normore. Discretionary Behavior And Performance In Educational Organizations. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald, 2012. Print. Jex, Steve M. Organizational Psychology. New York: Wiley, 2002. Print. McShane, Steven Lattimore, and Mary Ann Young Von Glinow. Organizational Behavior. New York: Mcgraw-Hill/Irwin, 2014. Print. Organ, Dennis W, Philip M Podsakoff, and Scott Bradley MacKenzie. Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, 2006. Print. Organ, Dennis W. Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1988. Print. Somech, Anit, and Izhar Oplatka. Organizational Citizenship Behavior In Schools. Print. Turnipseed, David L. Handbook Of Organizational Citizenship Behavior. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2005. Print.

Y2k (3187 words) Essay Example For Students

Y2k (3187 words) Essay Y2kThis year, most of the world is preparing to celebrate the year 2000 and the coming of anew millennium. However, many businesses, manufacturers, banks and hospitals arequietly hoping for an uneventful new years transition. At midnight on December 31,many businesses will be anticipating what effects the millennium rollover will have oncomputer software and other equipment that contain a time sensitive chip called anembedded chip. Early computer programmers, in an effort to conserve limited memoryspace, programmed computers to read the year in only two digits. So computers read 15as 1915, and 02 as 1902, and so on. Thus, when the year 2000 arrives, many computerprograms might go from December 31, 1999 to January 1, 1900. Some computers willcease to function, or ?crash?. Needless to say, if these programs control functions such aselectricity, airline travel, or communications, the results could be disastrous. Manycompanies and governments have spent countless hours and untold dollars makingsoftware Y2K (year 2 thousand) compatible. We will write a custom essay on Y2k (3187 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The consequences of not preparing for the Y2K problem could spell disaster forthe company involved. For example, a small Midwestern manufacturer encountered asimilar date-related problem in 1996 (a leap year) when the company did not realize thattheir entire computer network would be affected by the extra day in the year. When theyear 1997 turned over, all systems shut down. This malfunction caused the liquidsolutions being produced to freeze, causing them to destroy the pipelines they ran through. This disaster cost the company over $1 million in new equipment. The catastrophe causedmassive delivery delays to their customers, and the company believes numerous customeraccounts were lost as a result. This is just a small example of what could happen whencomputer software and related equipment is not tested for Y2K compatibility. Now,imagine the confusion and disaster that could result from a similar incident occurring in ahospitalwhere lives, not inventory, are at stake. ?Code Blue 2000? is the term used to describe the possible breakdown of theworlds hospital software and related medical devices. Most hospital organizations haveprepared themselves for any problems that might occur with their software and medicalequipment. It is the organizations that ignore the potential problem that will most likelyloose valuable patient information, and in extreme cases, have their ability to furnishadequate health care reduced. Major Hospital in Shelbyville, Indiana, has a team of computer scientists currentlytesting the hospitals computer systems software for Y2K compatibility. First, mocksystems are tested to determine what will actually happen when the year changes. Then,obsolete software and equipment is replaced with Y2K compliant equipment. MajorHospital has spent over a half-million dollars on research of the Y2K problem. Thisresearch is extremely costly to an organization, but the alternativeignoring theproblemcould be catastrophic. This report will cover the numerous ways the Y2K problem could affect hospitals. The first and most important area that will be reviewed is the manner in which the Y2Kproblem could affect patients. The Y2K problem could adversely affect the biomedicaldevices some patients rely on for life-sustaining purposes. Then, the potential problemson the clerical side of hospital administration will be explored; focusing on patientsmedical records and accounts. Finally, the possible adverse effects on utilities such aselectricity, gas, and water will be discussed. A hospital is a place that a person should feelsafe and secure. This report will describe the steps being taken by hospitals to ensure thattheir patients peace of mind and sense of security is unaltered. The Y2K problem is a concern for hospitals worldwide for a variety of reasons. Perhaps the most pressing concern are the biomedical devices, which contain computersoftware, that many patients rely on. Some critical biomedical devices are pacemakers,fetal monitors, Magnetic Resonance Imaging machines (MRIs), and heart defibrillators. One of the most important biomedical devices that could be affected by the Y2K problem is the pacemaker. A pacemaker is a biomedical, electronic device implanted inthe wall of the heart designed to detect irregular heartbeats and provide regular, mild,electric shocks that restore normalcy to the heartbeat. The pacemaker then records thetime an electric shock was administered; this information can then be downloaded to acomputer system and analyzed by medical personnel. Cardiologists use this information todetect patterns and irregularities in the patients heart rhythms. If the software were torecord faulty times for the shock deliveries, the cardiologist could misinterpret the resultsand administer improper medical care. The results could be deadly for some patients. The Veterans Administration interviewed the top five pacemaker manufacturers togauge their awareness of the potentially hazardous Y2K problem. One company said theproblem would be corrected by mid-year; two companies stated the problem was alreadyunder control; and the final two companies were behind schedule in eradicate the problem. In addition to the pacemaker, there are several other biomedical devices that maycontain faulty software. One such type of device is an anesthesia monitor. An anesthesiamonitor regulates the anesthesias effect on the patient during surgery. Another criticalbiomedical device is a fetal monitor. A fetal monitor helps examine the condition of thebaby while it is still being carried by the mother. Incubators, critical to a newborn babyssurvival, could also be adversely affected by the Y2K problem. Other biomedical devices(and their functions) include MRIs (produce computer-generated views of arteries,nerves, tendons, and tumors), infusion pumps (used in intravenous drips), and heartdefibrillators (emergency method of establishing a heartbeat). All of the aforementioneddevices contain embedded microchips critical to their functions. There are also intensivecare monitors that may not be Y2K compliant; these include heart monitors, bloodpressure monitors, and machines that provide additiona l oxygen and physical support. Finally, dialysis machines (help remove waste from a patients blood) and radiationequipment (x-rays, chemotherapy, etc..) are other critical pieces of medical equipment thatcould fail if the software controlling their functions is not Y2K compliant. Major Hospital is currently working with all of their medical equipment vendors toensure that all biomedical devices are Y2K compliant. ?We are confident that outstandingpatient care will not be interrupted,? says Carol Hussman, information systems manager atMajor Hospital, ?and we are about 95 percent finished with all testing.?One may think that in this day and age, with all of our technological advancements,that the Y2K problem would not be of concern to even the average computer user with afairly new system; much less a vital institution such as a hospital where thousands of ourloved ones lives hang in the balance. However, this is not the case. There are stillhospitals in the United States that are not equipped to deal with the Y2K problem. Moreover, the U.S. is not the only place where the Y2K problem is causing difficulties. Infact, almost a third of computer-related equipment in Australian hospitals, includingcardiac monitors and drug distribution systems, have failed the mil lennium test. .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c , .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c .postImageUrl , .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c , .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c:hover , .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c:visited , .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c:active { border:0!important; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c:active , .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u363113e89176df7f0ca21b140825223c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Reconstruction of the South EssayThe final aspect of patient care that may be affected is the mental health of thepatients. In a crisis situation, patients might panic; hospital staffs will have to be aware ofthis potential crisis. Major Hospital personnel are aware of this aspect of the Y2Kproblem and are focused on preventing any software problems that may lead to patientconfusion or panic. However, there are no specific strategies in place to handle possiblepatient disorder, other than by answering patient questions on an individual basis. The Y2K problem is not limited to biomedical devices, however. This dilemmaeffects non-medical devices such as the personal computers used in record-keeping andaccounting. If the programs that are used are not corrected, many problems could arise. Even though some patient records are kept in paper form as a backup, most patientinformation, such as test results, medical histories, registration, and insurance informationare kept in computer databases. These databases, if left unchecked for the Y2K problem,could malfunction. Patient information is important to physicians and other hospitalpersonnel using the databases. It is readily available to them at the touch of a keypad. Ifpatient information is inaccurate, it could result in detrimental care or incorrect medicationbeing administered to patients. This dilemma could be solved in one of two ways. One option hospitals have is toput all information on paper, which would be very time consuming and prone to causeerrors, or the database systems can be programmed to be Y2K compatible. In order toaddress the Y2K problem, President Bill Clinton signed into law the ?Year 2000Information and Readiness Disclosure Act.? In a statement by the president released bythe Office of the Press Secretary of the White House, this law requires the shared?necessary information tools needed to overcome the Y2K problem.? This will helphospital information systems departments acquire the knowledge necessary to reprogramnoncompliant systems. The personal computer problem not only affects the hospital records department,but also the purchasing, billing, and payroll aspects of the accounting department. The purchase of essential medical equipment and supplies could be delayed if clerical softwareis not brought into Y2K compliance. In addition to President Clinton signing into law requirements that hospitals andother businesses share information to help solve the Y2K problem, The Washington StateHealth Association (WSHA) also recommends steps for compatibility for insurance billing. According to Tom Byron, chief information officer of the WSHA, ?The Washington StateUniform Billing Committee (WSUBC) has adopted multiple resolutions concerningelectronic submission of Uniform Billing (UB-92) claims such as, (1) use of the MedicalFlat File, Version 5.0, (2) all plans should be ready to accept the recommended format byOctober 1, 1998, (3) providers should submit claims in the recommended format byJanuary 1, 1999, (4) all plans should allow for a period of October 1, 1998 to March 31,1999 for providers to submit claims in either the recommended format or the currentformat, and (5) electronic formats not Y2K compliant should cease beginning April 1,1999. If the laws enacted by the U.S. Congress and the president , and therecommendations made by the WSUBC are followed, the Y2K problem will likely havelittle or no affect on the clerical areas of hospitals. In addition to the patient care and clerical concerns facing hospitals with respect tothe Y2K problem, there is one other pressing concern for hospitals. Utilities are essentialto the everyday life most people are accustomed to. If the electricity goes out at home,most people just burn candles and wait, without much worry, for the lights to come backon. However, losing utility service in a hospital could be much more than aninconvenience. Imagine having to go to the hospital on December 31, 1999. It could be more of aproblem than you think. All hospitals rely on electricity, gas, and water for their everydayoperations. A spokesperson for Major Hospital states that all methods have beenexhausted to comply with state and federal guidelines and suggestions regarding the Y2Kproblem. The suggestions include, but are not limited to, obtaining a copy of the?Approach to the Y2K Problem?, distributed by the federal government. This approachsuggests a plan of attack and an inventory of all systems that might be affected. A teamshould be formed with a leader to assess the problems. This team should assess andprioritize possible problems. At that point, the team must prepare a list of all assessmentsmade. This leads the team to the testing phase of the operation. After testing, correctionsshould be made, and a reassessment needs to be done. Utilities are just a small portion ofthe testing that will be done. Utility companies are spending more than $2 billion to test and prepare theircomputers and replace software in order to successfully meet the Y2K challenge. At thistime, there is no evidence that the Y2K problem will create power failures within thenationwide electrical power-service grid. Electric companies plan to have a dressrehearsal in September, 1999, to gauge how utilities will react to a simulation of the Y2Kscenario. The inability of some equipment and computers with date-sensitive components todistinguish the correct year after the year 2000 has now become a widely recognized andaccepted problem. The utility company Cinergy began an active response to this dilemmain 1996 with a review of several million lines of computer software application code in acampaign to locate and correct date-sensitive fields. Most of that code has since beenexamined, corrected, tested, and returned to operation. All such remaining systems are onschedule for completion by March, 1999. Cinergy, like most owners of information systems, will be required to modifysignificant portions of its systems to accommodate new local, state, and federalrequirements brought about by the Y2K problem. During 1997, Cinergy incurred costs ofapproximately $8 million. Maintenance or modification costs will be absorbed as theyoccur, while the costs of new software will be capitalized and amortized over thesoftwares useful life. For example, at Hawaiian Electric Company (HECo), the Y2K project teamidentified significant problems with its energy management system (EMS). EMS is the?brain? of the power distribution system at all electric companies. This system is used toremotely control transmission system breakers, coordinate power generation schedules,compensate for large transmission line breaks, and provide protection against voltage, andcurrent and frequency transients. HECo and their EMS system vendor determined thatEMS would crash on the rollover to January 1, 2000. This would have, in turn, resultedin HECos transmission network crashing, and by default, a major power outage and lossof all generating capacity. .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 , .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 .postImageUrl , .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 , .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025:hover , .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025:visited , .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025:active { border:0!important; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025:active , .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025 .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub96f0bb0579a8f327b5f9a4c440d9025:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: STUDY OF FAMILY INTERACTION LEAD TO NEW UNDERSTANDING OF ABUSIVE PAREN EssayBesides medical devices, embedded chips are ?hard wired? into other pieces ofequipment that may be critical to patient services or hospital operations. This equipmentis often the responsibility of the vendor, not the hospital. These systems include 1) firealarm systems, including detection, sending/ receiving, and suppression units, 2) securitysystems, including sending/receiving units, video and surveillance systems, and badgereaders, 3) telecommunications equipment, including telephone switching equipment,emergency call management systems, pagers, and cellular phones, 4) buildinginfrastructure, i ncluding HVAC, energy management and lighting controls, emergencygenerators and lighting, uninterruptible power supplies, and elevators. Major Hospital isamong a number of the worlds health care providers that will participate in every effort tominimize any and all malfunctions related to the Y2K problem. Gas companies are contacting their suppliers and service providers to determinethe status of their year 2000 compliance projects and will be developing contingency plansif their efforts do not meet certain goals. An inventory of computer systems, embeddedsystems, and resources has been developed and prioritized according to the importance tothe continuing operation of the companies. It is anticipated by gas companies that thistesting, and any required modifications to systems, will be completed by July, 1999. Major Hospital uses gas for heating and lab equipment. However, Major Hospital isunlikely to be affected by a gas outage because gasoline-powered electric generators willtake over in the event of an outage and run most systems. Wastewater and sewage treatment facilities are highly automated and contain year2000-vulnerable embedded chips. Also, emissions monitoring and control systems dependon year 2000-vulnerable embedded controls. Malfunctions due to Y2K problems couldlead to accidental pollutant-filled releases and emissions that could endanger localresidents. In August, 1998, a malfunctioning computer in Boulder, Colorado was blamedfor water main breaks that cut service to over 40 homes, flooded basements and garages,and turned city streets into raging rivers. A computer controlling water pressure gaveinaccurate readings, prompting a city worker to open the mains. Some residents andbusinesses were left without water for over a week. Major Hospital staff have preparedfor a water shortage. They have stocked up on bottled water, just as every other hospitalhas done. However, bottled water will only last so long. In the event of a prolongedwater shortage, such as the one in Boulder, Major Hospital personnel will be faced withpersonal hygiene and medicine issues. Patients must be bathed on a daily basis andwashed off completely. It is difficult to comprehend a hospital as an unsanitaryenvironment; where doctors must ?scrub? repeatedly to reduce the risk of infection andpatients must be kept free of germs. Medicines are sometimes mixed with water to formtheir completed structure. This crux could alarm the many patients who depend on thesemedicines. The sewage treatment plant in Shelbyille, Indiana that services Major Hospitalstates that the plant is already Y2K compliant. The faculty and staff at Major Hospital is extremely confident that when the newmillennium arrives, it will not be accompanied by any significant problems or catastropheswith regard to malfunctioning utilities. If any problems do surface, Major Hospital hasassured its community and its patients that the problems will be minor in scope and will bequickly and efficiently dealt with. As has been discussed in this report, the Y2K problem is a vast and complex issuethat must be dealt with by hospitals. Virtually every facet of hospital care is affected bythe Y2K problem. Patient care, clerical software, and utilities are three major aspects ofthe hospital organization that, if left unchecked for Y2K compliance, could causeconfusion, sickness, and even death among hospital patients. Worst case scenarios involvemalfunctioning pacemakers, improper medication being dispensed, and unusabledefibrillators in emergency situations. The Major Hospital staff, like most other hospitalstaffs, continue s to work diligently to ensure that whatever malfunctions occur are minor. It is difficult to predict the scope of the Y2K problem and the possible severity ofrelated malfunctions when the most knowledgeable computer experts disagree on theseverity of the problem. According to Alastair Stewart, a senior Year 2000 advisor withinformation technologies market watcher Giga Information Group, the Y2K computerdate bug will not cause an ?embedded systems Armageddon? as some have feared. ?Itmay rain, but the sky wont fall.? Giga recently called for a ?common-sense approach? tothe Y2K threat. Some projected scenarios have Y2K failures toppling civilization. Forexample, in one sequence of falling dominoes, embedded track switching controls willcause railroads to fail to deliver coal to power generation plants. As a result, electricutilitieswhich have Y2K problems of their ownwill shut down. As the power grid goesdead, telephones will stop working. Without communications the interlinked banks andinternational finance structures begin to fall and, ultimately, so does c ivilization. ?Can you hear the four horsemen galloping off in the distance remarked Stewart. ?Its easy to scare people with talk about The Great God Teowawki.? ?Teowawki?stands for ?the end of the world as we know it,? Stewart explained. Just as some downplay potential Y2K problems, others offer substantial evidencethat the Y2K problem is for real. Mike Wedland, a noted software expert and author ofnumerous computer software guides, produces the following examples for consideration:U.S. Social Security computer programmers have identified 30 million lines of codethat need to be changed to reflect the correct date after the year 2000. Some 400programmers have been working on this problem since 1991. As of June, 1997 theyhad corrected only 5 million lines. The Internal Revenue Service has identified 100 million lines of code that need to bechanged in their computers to fix Y2K problems. They have only found about 300programmers and they are just now getting started. An estimated 65 percent of the businesses in the U.S that need to correct the problemhave done nothing so far. Regardless of whether the Y2K problem is all hype or a catastrophe waiting tohappen, hospitals must prepare for the worst. While businesses deal in profits and stocks,hospitals deal in human beings. When peoples health and lives are at stake it is best to beaggressively cautious. It appears that most U.S. hospitals have a firm understanding of theconsequences of not being Y2K compliant, and are dealing with the issue accordingly. Technology Essays

Plague DBQ essays

Plague DBQ essays Between the 15th and 18th century, a plague was set on Europe and killed at least one third of the population. Not one single European knew what caused this to happen. Because they didn't know or have any scientific reasoning back then, they had religious and super-natural beliefs. Everyone had their own conclusion to what might've caused this or cam up with suppositional solutions and others with rational or irrational conclusions as well. Because people had their own opinions and concerns, things became even worse trying to make it for their own benefit. Each class had their own advantages and some unfortunately had their disadvantages. In 1484, Schoolmaster at Deventer, Netherlands, mentions and states that the plague "drove many others away" from school. (Doc 1) Some schools had both higher and lower classmen and because of this, the rich kids had the advantage. They were able to move to different areas of Europe and were able to pull themselves away from the plague and as for the lower classmen, they had the disadvantage of staying in the area were the plague is spreading. In addition, in 1521, Nicolas Versoris, French author who rote the Book of Reason said that, "since the rich fled, death was principally directed towards the poor." (Doc 3) It indicates how much greater of a chance the rich had to escape the plague. The lower class had a bigger chance of dying and suffering from the plague than the higher class. The only advantage the lower classmen had was to hope for the best outcome, but the higher classmen had the capabilit y of saving themselves and their families. There were other concerns and other beliefs but this time using science. In 1512, Erasmus of Rotterdam stated that "the plague and sickness in England is due to the filth in the streets" (Doc 2) This indicates the growing secularization of the science during the renaissance and the departure from super natural explanation of natural disasters. In addition, i ...

Competitive Growth Strategy ZARA and H&M Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Competitive Growth Strategy ZARA and H&M - Essay Example A close analysis of the two companies namely Hennes and Mauritz (H&M) and Zara reveals that they both have strengths peculiar to their business operations. One major strength characteristic of both companies is that they have vertically integrated business models which allow them to set the pace of information flow thereby determine their own business operations. Their stores have diversified products as well ranging from clothing for all age groups to cosmetics which give variety to shoppers. Another notable strength characteristic of both organisations is the ability to have the global patent, which is exclusive rights to their brand names and products which make them different from other rival competitors’ products. It shows that they are operating legally which creates mutual trust among customers. This can also be done by making their brands absolutely unique from other products already on the market as a way of showing that they are not mere copycats. By also establishing well-defined distribution channels, the company would stand better chances of positive growth. Whilst the two companies have different approaches to their distribution methods, it can be noted that they have efficient distribution systems which offer a credit in the success of the business. However, there are bound to be weaknesses faced by H &M as well as Zara in their attempt to achieve this feat of establishing themselves as forces to reckon with in the market. One major weakness that is evident for H & M in its endeavour to establish itself as a formidable organisation is its apparent lack of competitor and customer analysis. This often is dangerous as it risks failing to keep pace with customer needs as a result of lack of information. On the other hand, Zara’s major weakness is that its design and product development are human intensive which leads to less retail returns than the cost of production. On the other  hand, opportunities for both companies lie in their ability to penetrate international markets which may have a different appeal than the local markets.  

Letter of Intent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Letter of Intent - Essay Example During this time, I have not only met numerous persons requiring my attention as a Practical Nurse but I have also worked closely with other well-informed Practical Nurses. This exposure in the field of healthcare has molded me into an approachable, sociable, dynamic, and a resourceful person in addition to equipping me with negotiation and interpersonal skills. Moreover, I have become an open minded and hard working person, an outstanding team player as well as a person who is open minded and excellent in networking. I believe that my working background as a CNA has equipped me with proper knowledge and experience that places me in an advantageous position to be eligible to pursue this course. My strong will to deliver relevant results, curiosity, attention to details, and willingness to learn are additional strengths that would be important assets as I study. I am also initiative, well-organized, have a genuine interest in people, have the ability to work independently with minimum supervision, and have good work habits. I have no misgivings that pursuing a course in Practical Nursing would give me the opportunity of sharpening these skills further as well as increasing my knowledge in the same, which would improve my performance greatly. One of my greatest weaknesses is that I have a tendency of getting too focused on whatever I am doing such that I find it hard to stop doing something until I see the desired results. This has oftentimes left me without any time for myself. However, I am working on these weaknesses by asking for help from colleagues in backbreaking issues, following a schedule, going for occasional breaks and coming up with after-hours hobbies. Upon completion of the nursing program, my goal is to continue working in nursing homes and provide and promote patient care to the best of my ability as well as being actively involved in helping patients regain their physical

Prevention of pressure ulcers: nurses’ sole responsibility

Prevention of pressure ulcers: nurses’ sole responsibility Pressure ulcer is a major health problem. According to previous 10 years nationwide studies, 10% to 15% of the general population suffers from chronic pressure ulcers. In addition, Reddy, Gill and Rochon (cited in Walton-Geer, 2009) approximated 60,000 patients every year will die from hospital acquired pressure ulcers and the treatment of these wounds costs approximately $11 billion per year. These findings are significant in some areas such as patients in intensive care units, critical care units and nursing home residents. These situations cost patient in terms of suffering, impaired quality of life, reduced independence and even increased morbidity and mortality. The patients delay in hospital discharge and decrease the efficiency and efficacy of health services. The health industry is also concerned about lack of sources, work force hours to manage the problem. Various industries and government agencies are disconcerted to either treat these ulcers in early intervention or encou rage prevention (Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 2007). However, a good quality care is important in preventing these sores and nurses come at front to provide this care. In identifying the nurses attitude towards care and perception of barriers in that case may solve this situation. Search strategy The literature search was conducted by using the databases- Cinahl, Pro Quest, Pub med and Waiariki library catalogues. These databases identified the published studies, nursing journals and conference proceedings. The search engine used the terms for search were pressure ulcers and nursing, nurse and bedsores, nurse and hospital, pressure ulcer and patient, and nursing management and decubitus ulcers to search out the articles. The articles only written in English were retrieved for review. This literature review is based on the prevention strategies. Prevention and management of pressure ulcer is of major concern in health care system. Most of the studies revealed the appropriate knowledge of nurses for prevention. The gaps could be in the lack of performance in their practice. The hospital routines for early assessment and culture may be responsible for nurses to practice efficiently. Despite of increasing expenditure neither incidence nor prevalence is reducing. The attitude and supervision towards care of patient are significant review in whole populations generally. The search was wide to find the reliable material and needed to exclude some for relevance. The search boundaries were elaborated for nursing practice and attitude. The access to literature was sometimes limited to abstract only. Eighteen published articles were reviewed for possible inclusions in the final review. Among those ten articles were taken from previous conducted researches, three were the literature reviews and two relevant articles were based on life story of patients. One textbook and two non-research articles were kept for background information. The first line of defense in preventing the pressure ulcer development is the nurse practitioners behavior towards patient, nursing care by using various devices, patients status for devolving risk factors and hospital polices for further improvements. All ages were viewed as inclusion criteria with high-risk abilities. Four articles were more than ten years old and excluded to gather current knowledge for practice. One study was excluded because of emphasize was put on various positions of the patient that are inefficient for critical care units to take efforts in rising out of bed and were not valid. Two researches based studies were included to asse ss nurses knowledge in prevention and treatment strategies that were mainly researched for assessing the nurses knowledge about pressure ulcers and impact on practical decision-making skills and utilizations of various devices. The research literatures on pressure ulcer development filled the education and reliability assessment of nurses. One group of researchers created the longitudinal examination of hospital registered staffing to improve the quality of care and revealed the limited support for quality with number of registered nurses. These variations in favor of care presents a cross comparison of results, at best. Another research study revealed the influence of handling technique, and patients weight and disability that causes serious back injuries to nurses. One research supported computers for prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers at LCD hospital was included because the system reminds documentation to nurses. One life story article included tells about the negligenc e in care that leads towards the death of a woman, because of bone deep bedsores that remained untreated in last six months of her life. The selection criteria in three researches have been taken for use of preventive devices that underline the risk of pressure ulcers early assessment at time of admission. The potential inclusion admits a risk assessment tool, Braden scale in predicting pressure sore risk in hospitalized patients. However, two included studies exposed issues regarding the lack of clinical trials for effectiveness and the quality improvement implementations in nursing homes that associated with organizational culture. As the review included all ages, hospitalized and outside patients, one study assures about the sitting behavior of people lead towards building the risk of pressure ulcers. Nurses knowledge and attitude In 2004, Moore agreed the development of pressure ulcer is linked to nurses attitude, education and competence. Education increases awareness of the problem and gives a pathway for developing and maintaining competency. Thus, the successful prevention is dependent on staff knowledge, skill and attitude. This argument was underlined the content and quality of education, a major concern in decision-making. Hulland (cited in Moore, 2004) was able to identify nurses action, beliefs and opinion on pressure ulcer prevention and treatment. Anthony (cited in Moore, 2004) also agreed, however, nurses have good knowledge for prevention, still usage is inappropriate in practice. Maylor and Torrance (cited in Moore, 2004) supported the value of the attitude of nurses for preventive practices of pressure ulcers in clinical practice. Ousey (2010) accented the need of evidence-based education for whole staff involved in care of pressure ulcers. Another study by Wiechula in 1997 described the focus of quality improvement ought to on the appropriate education program that contains the instructions and guidelines of current and evidence based practice. The education program should include the etiology and risk factors along with risk assessment tools and application in demonstrating the positioning for prevention of pressure ulcers. In this study, the stress was also put on the accurate documentation and monitoring. Another cross-sectional study by a group of researchers explored the comparison between the knowledge among past time and present time nurses. The sample was large (n=522 nurses in 2003 compared with n=351 nurses in 1991), with written questionnaire method. The authors identified the knowledge of nurses in 2003 is better and nurses know the usefulness of preventive measures. However, the raised issue was again the knowledge did not come in practice in the organizations that monitored pressure ulcers (Hulsenboom, Bours Halfens, 2007). Comparing the views of all autho rs, one group of researchers conducted a one-time survey. Fifteen nurses were subjected to check the use of system increase their knowledge and skills. The study resulted in no effective knowledge about pressure ulcers and decision-making skills in practice (Zielstorff et al, 1997). Among various researches, one study by Smith and Waugh in 2009 uncovered the nurses knowledge of pressure ulcer prevention and treatment along with the perception of barrier in providing effective care. After using the Pieper Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Test among 96 nurses, the study revealed the nurses knowledge was higher significantly but the barrier such as the weight of patient, patients refusal, unavailability of equipments, not having enough time and staff was significantly considerable. Nevertheless, Mark, Harless, McCue and Xu in 2004 found limited support for enduring the belief that improvement in registered nurse staffing improves the quality of care. In addition, Skotte and Fallentin in 2008 s upports the barrier by assessing the low back load on health care workers while using preventive techniques such as repositioning and use of friction reducing devices that is higher than patients weight and disability. Pulkkinen (2009) explores this argument in an article about a health care workers second-degree criminal mistreatment. The evidence shows that the treatment for bedsores was not provided to Harrison and ultimately because of gangrene infection of bone deep ulcers, he died. Use of appliances in practice In 1997, Wiechula described the assessment of risk is important to consider causative and contributing factors that can eliminate the negative effects. This skin care assessment of patient should be at the time of admission, after change in condition and for long-term patients at regular intervals. Specifically, to relieve pressure, attempt should be put on positioning and turning frequently. The major concern was preventing contact on between prone areas and support surface by using devices such as pillows and foams and use of alternating pressure mattress for high-risk patients. Ousey (2010) explored the early detection and effective documentation of pressure ulcers is a key component of quality care if the nurses can identify risk development behavior appropriately. The study assures manual repositioning and pressure relieving support surfaces are important in preventive measures. The early detection includes the assessment within six hours of admission in hospital and in communit y settings; it should be at first visit of practice nurse. However, Wiechula in 1997 outlined, turning of patient every 2 hours is a reliable and cheap method of prevention. Schoonhoven (cited in Ousey, 2010) disputed the effectiveness of preventive measures in some patients. Based on this notion, Ousey agreed the pressure ulcer tool will be helpful for high-risk individuals if practice with professional jugdement. Stotts and Gunningberg in 2007 supported one evidence-based article for use of Braden scale, a good assessment tool. Considering the reliability and validity, Braden scale is affective to practice with the difference in patients culture. In the matter of devices in care of pressure ulcers, the Australian Medical sheepskin is a new pressure-relieving device is effective in relieving pressure with moisture absorbing capacities (Mistiaen et al, 2008). Gardner, Frantz, Bergquist and Shin (2005) explored another perspective study for measuring the wound healing is pressure ulc er scale for healing. When the workers apply this evidence-based tool at weekly intervals, it provides accuracy in differentiating healing of pressure ulcer from non-healing in tracking changes in pressure ulcer status. This study outlined the use of PUSH score can achieve changes during extended follow-ups during the time when pressure ulcers take more than 3 months to heal. As explained by Wiechula in 1997, massage on bony prominences ought to avoid and the ring shaped devices are ineffectiveness in practice. Ousey (2010) agreed the view of not rubbing the skin vigorously to prevent the damage of superficial and deep tissues. Interestingly, one cross-sectional study unveiled the use of these preventive devices and documentation is suboptimal even for high-risk patients. In practice, the documentation and preventive devices are important for all patients who are at risk and having pressure ulcers to note the status of patients. A research nurse to ascertain the use of pressure ulce r devices examined the patients. After examination, 68% patients were documented for pressure ulcers. Among those 15% of patients had preventive devices and 51% receive those were at high-risk. In multiple analyses, the type and stage of pressure ulcer were not associated with high-risk patient but the use of preventive devices (Rich, Shardell, Margolis Baumgarten, 2010). Similarly, Moore (2004) identified the use of pressure relieving devices are not as much helpful in reducing the prevalence of pressure ulcers without nurses positive attitude. Hospital policy The cost of treatment of pressure ulcers can be enormous and significantly run out the health system resources. According to Posnett Franks (cited in Ousey, 2010) the estimated cost for the treatment of pressure ulcer is between 1.8 billion pounds to 2.6 billion pounds annually. In 2009, Walton-Geer gave views on for the improvement in patient care the interventions should be initiated on evidence-based practice. Patients status AHCPR (cited in Wiechula, 1997) recommended the important link of malnutrition with the development of pressure ulcers. Wiechula (1997) indicated, on admission nutritional assessment should also be monitored such as weight changes, loss of appetite and decreased dietary intake. Patients with poor hygiene and skin moisture degrade the integrity of skin that further helps in developing sores. One literature review supported the components of Braden scale such as nutrition, sensory perception, evidence of moisture, activity level and mobility status are the most important predictive of developing risk of pressure ulcers. It is apparent in the study that the risk increases with the susceptibility of tissue tolerance and poor peripheral circulation that relates with poor nutritional status (Schultz, 2005). Ousey in 2010 outlined some intrinsic and extrinsic factors responsible for pressure ulcer development. Intrinsic factors included patients age, mobility, incontinence, medication, anem ia, thin skin, nutritional status and disease condition. The considered extrinsic factors were friction, moisture, poor handling and changing position. The stress was also put on initial assessment of all patients to improve nutritional intakes. Williams et al (cited in Ousey, 2010) considered poor nutrition and decreased tissue perfusion, the main cause of pressure ulcer development. Bain and Ferguson-Pell in 2002 considered the knowledge of sitting behavior of patients outside the hospital especially for wheel chair users who sit continuously for long time. The study tested the use of remote monitoring pressure distributing logger that keeps the record of sitting behavior after testing its feasibility. Phytochemical Method Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis Phytochemical Method Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis Phytochemical Method Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Characterization The study of green synthesis of nanomaterials offers a valuable contribution to biomedicine at nanobiotechnology. This study focuses on the green synthesis of nanosilver from O. sanctum leaf extract and loading the nanosilver onto cotton fabrics and assessing their physical and biological properties. In this study, O. sanctum leaf extract was used as reducing agent for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. When the silver nitrate solution was mixed with leaf extract, the color changes occur immediately in silver nitrate solution. Initially, the leaf extract was green, which turned yellowish brown on adding the silver nitrate solution. The color changes indirectly indicate the formation of silver nanoparticles. The color change was noted by virtual observation of O. sanctum leaf extract incubated with an aqueous solution of AgNO3. It started to change color from watery to yellowish brown at 4 h and dark pink at 24 h after incubation (Figure 1). It is due to the reduction of silver ions; this exhibits the formation of silver nanoparticles (Table 1). The color of the extract changed to intense brown along with threads after 24 h of incubation, and there was no significant change afterward. S.No. Time interval Colour change 1 0 min Dark green 2 10 min Pale green 3 30 min Reddish green 4 1hr Red 5 2 hrs Red 6 4 hrs Reddish brown 7 8 hrs Reddish brown 8 16 hrs Brown Threads 9 24 hrs Brown Threads Table 5. 1. Effect of leaf extract of O.sanctum on colour changes in silver nitrate solution at different time interval Biosynthesis of nanoparticles by time-dependent absorption spectrum The continuous formation of silver nanoparticles was investigated using UV-Vis spectroscopy, which has proven to be a useful spectroscopic method. The presence of silver nanoparticles was confirmed at a range of 200–600 nm. In UV-Vis spectra, silver nanoparticles can be shown by a SPR peak at around 400 nm, but a small shift (blueshift or redshift) in the wavelength of the peak could be related to obtaining —silver nanoparticles in different shapes, sizes, or solvent dependences. After 24 h of incubation, a typical peak of ÃŽ »max at 421 nm was obtained due to the SPR of silver nanoparticles (Figure5. 2). After the reaction time on adding of leaf extract reached 4 h, obtained silver nanoparticles showed a UV-Vis absorption peak, a characteristic SPR band for silver nanoparticles, centered at 400 nm (Figure 5.2). Figure 2, the intensity of the SPR peak increased with the increase in the reaction time, which indicated the continued reduction of the silver nitrate ions, whereas the increase of the absorbance value with the reaction time indicated the increase in concentration of silver nanoparticles. When the reaction time reached 12 h, the absorbance was increased and ÃŽ »max value was slightly blueshifted to 435 nm. At reaction time of 24 h, the absorbance value was also increased and blueshifted to 435 and 421 nm, respectively. At the end of the reaction (24 h), the absorbance value was considerably increased and there was no significant change in ÃŽ »max value (421 nm), compared with that at 12-h reaction time. FTIR spectroscopy analysis of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles FTIR measurements of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticle samples were carried out to identify the possible interactions between silver and bioactive molecules, which may be responsible for synthesis and stabilization (capping material) of silver nanoparticles. These were also to identify the possible biomolecules responsible for capping and efficient stabilization of the metal nanoparticles synthesized by leaf extract. Figure 5.3 shows the FTIR spectra of aqueous silver nanoparticles prepared from O. sanctum leaf extract. The presence of the signature peaks of amino acids supports the presence of proteins in cell-free filtrate as observed in spectral analysis. The silver nanoparticle sample shows peaks at 3313.48, 3193, 2976.90, 2883, 1670, 1452, 1338, 1196.78, and 1112.75 cm−1 (Figure 5.3). The peaks corresponding to protein and silver nanoparticles were found commonly present in the nanoparticles synthesized by leaf extract. X-ray diffraction analysis The crystalline nature of silver nanoparticles was studied with the aid of XRD as shown in Figure 5.4. The dry powders of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were used for XRD analysis. The diffracted intensities were recorded from 20à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ° to 80à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ° at 2à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ± angles. Many strong Bragg diffracted peaks observed at 27.82, 32.25, 46.22, and 76.63 corresponding to 126, 199, 131, and 24 height of the face-centered cubic pattern of silver were obtained. The average grain size of the silver nanoparticles formed in the bio-reduction process was determined using Scherrer formula and it suggested that the synthesized silver nanoparticles were crystalline. The size of the silver nanoparticles was found to be 26 nm, and it was determined using the width of the (126) Bragg’s reflection. In addition, yet some unassigned peaks were also observed suggesting the crystallization of biophase occurs on the surface of silver nanoparticles. Fluorescence spectral analysis Fluorescence spectroscopy is a type of electromagnetic spectroscopy which analyzes fluorescence from a sample. Figure 5.5 shows fluorescence emission spectrum from silver nanoparticles, dispersed in double distilled water. Fluorescence spectral analysis of silver nanoparticles used in the experiment was carried out to confirm the fluorescence emitted from the nanoparticles. A strong maximum at 431 nm wavelength and a quantum yield was 666.450 mV appeared in the fluorescence emission spectrum of O. sanctum leaf extract mediated silver nanoparticles. Potentiometry analysis of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles The biosynthesized silver nanostructure was shown and confirmed by the characteristic peaks observed in zeta potential, which will help to measure the diameter of nanoparticles with corresponding average zeta potential values, and also used for suggesting higher stability of silver nanoparticles. The reduction of silver ions to form nanoparticles was also monitored using a potentiometer. The large negative potential value could be due to the capping of polyphenolic constituents present in the extract. Figure 5.6 shows the results of time-dependent zeta potential analysis from 0 to 24 h of incubation period. A pointed reduction in the potential could be observed on 4 h of interaction, further indicating the formation of nanoparticles at this stage. The potential decrease from an initial value of 0.436 V for silver ions to 0.153 V at the end of 11 h (Figure5.6) was observed, after which the decrease in potential was gradual, decreasing up to 0.048 V at the end of 24 h. Zeta potential analysis of synthesized silver nanoparticles The zeta potential analysis was used to measure the electrophoretic mobility of the silver nanoparticles. The complex zeta potential is a parameter that is used to learn the surface charges and stability of nanoparticles. The zeta potential charges significantly affect the particle distribution and agglomeration of nanoparticles. The high zeta potential value indicates a high electric charge on the surface of the nanoparticles. It describes strong repellent forces among the particles, which prevent aggregation and lead to stabilization of the nanoparticles in the medium. The zeta potential of the nanoparticles formulated was only measured in systems that did not sediment after overnight equilibration. The alteration in zeta potential with a moment in time is shown in Figure 5.7. It can be observed that there was charge stabilization from 11 to 16 h, with the charge stabilized at around −57 mV. The zeta potential was −62 mV for the 14 h interacted samples, which further decreased to −35 mV for the 24 h interacted samples. SEM analysis of silver nanoparticles The morphology of silver nanoparticle was observed using a SEM instrument. The shape and size of silver nanoparticles were analyzed after 24 h of incubation using SEM as shown in Figure 5.8. In general, the nanoparticles were spherical with varying size ranged from 7 to 28 nm. Most of the nanoparticles were combined, with only a few of them scattered, as observed under SEM. The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were mostly spherical. These were used to characterize the morphology, size, and distribution in aqueous suspension and were prepared by dropping the suspension onto a clean glass plate and allowing water to completely evaporate. It was evident that the ends of silver nanoparticles are brighter than the middle, suggesting the particles are encapsulated by biomolecules such as proteins in the Basil leaf extract (Figure 5.8). EDS analysis of silver nanoparticles The EDS spectrum (Figure 5.9) clearly identified the elemental composition of the synthesized nanoparticles, which suggests the presence of silver as the ingredient element. The vertical axis shows the counts of the X-ray and the horizontal axis shows energy in keV. The strong signals of silver correspond to the peaks in the graph confirming presence of silver. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles typically show an optical absorption peak at 3.2 keV due to SPR. However, other elemental signals along with silver nanoparticles were also recorded, which were not observed for the biosynthesis of many other nanoparticles. TEM was used to visualize the size and shape of silver nanoparticles. Figure 5.10 shows the typical TEM micrograph of the synthesized silver nanoparticles. It is observed that most of the silver nanoparticles were spherical. A few agglomerated silver nanoparticles were also observed in some places, thereby indicating possible sedimentation at a later time. It is evident that there is variation in particle sizes, and the average size was estimated to be 26 nm and the particle size ranged from 8 to 45 nm. The natural products, namely glycosides, flavanones, and reducing sugars, are the main constituents of the O. sanctum leaf extract

Media Portrayal of Female and Male Body Image :: Media Argumentative Persuasive Argument

This summary is not available. Please click here to view the post.